Endocrine Questions from QUIZ 2 Flashcards
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic state (HHS) are both a result of the patients insulin deficiency. What type of insulin deficiency is present in each condition?
Hint- Absolute? or Relative?
DKA= Absolute Insulin Deficiency
HHS= Relative Insulin Deficiency
Which hormone is responsible for 1) increasing lipolysis, 2) converting muscles into amino acids, and 3) decreasing glucose uptake in muscles?
A- Glucagon, B- Adrenaline, C- Cortisol, D- Insulin
Hormone responsible= Cortisol
(Cortisol increases lipolysis, converts muscles into amino acids, and decreases glucose uptake in muscles)
Each of the following are secreted by the adrenal medulla except…
a) adrenaline, b) noradrenaline, c) dopamine, d) thiamine
The Adrenal Medulla does NOT secrete:
d) Thiamine
What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a) autoimmune destruction of beta cells
b) beta cell deficiency
c) inadequate insulin uptake
d) inability to store glucose
What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a) autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Patients who are alcohlics may have an inadequate response to glucagon, this is because:
a) hypoglycaemia in alcoholics is not caused by diabetes
b) they rarely get low BGL due to the high sugar content of alcohol
c) they have an excess of glycogen stores in the liver
d) they have inadequate glycogen stores in the liver
Patients who are alcohlics may have an inadequate response to glucagon, this is because:
d) they have inadequate glycogen stores in the liver
Paramedics administer Glucose Paste, Glucagon or Glucose 10%/ Dextrose 10% in a symptomatic diabetic hypoglycaemic patient if their BGL is less than:
a) 2.5mmol/L
b) 6.0mmol/L
c) 3.5mmol/L
d) 4.0mmol/L
Paramedics administer Glucose Paste, Glucagon or Glucose 10%/ Dextrose 10% in a symptomatic diabetic hypoglycaemic patient if their BGL is less than:
d) 4.0mmol/L
Diabteic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) are two hyperglycaemic emergencies that could present in a diabetic patient. Which type of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) is each condition more likely to be associated with?
a) Type 1 Diabetes
b) Type 2 Diabetes
a) Type 1 Diabetes= DKA
b) Type 2 Diabetes= HHS
Dextrose 10%/ Glucose 10% can cause tissue necrosis if there has been inadvertent extravasation. To avoid this you should:
a) chose the most distal vein to limit any potential necrosis
b) Use a large IV cannula in a small vein
c) Use a small IV cannula in a large vein
d) avoid IV administration and use the IM route
Dextrose 10%/ Glucose 10% can cause tissue necrosis if there has been inadvertent extravasation. To avoid this you should:
c) Use a small IV cannula in a large vein
The initial dose of intravenous Dextrose 10% or Glucose 10% in the hypoglycaemic patient is:
a) 25g/250mL
b) 150mg/150mL
c) 15g/150mL
d) 10g/100mL
The initial dose of intravenous Dextrose 10% or Glucose 10% in the hypoglycaemic patient is:
c) 15g/150mL
Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can present with sweet/ fruity smelling breath. This is due to:
a) the patient eating too many sweets
b) an excess of CO2 causing the patient to have Kussmauls respirations
c) the presence of ketones from fat metabolism
d) the patients high blood sugar causing a sweet, sugary smell
Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can present with sweet/ fruity smelling breath. This is due to:
c) the presence of ketones from fat metabolism
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic state (HHS) both present with elevated blood glucose levels (BGLs). Choose which answer best represents the expected BGL findings:
a) HHS has BGL >10mmol/L, and DKA has BGL >40mmol/L
b) DKA and HHS have similar BGLs
c) Both DKA and HHS would have BGLs >40mmol/L
d) DKA has BGL >10mmol/L and HHS has BGL >40mmol/L
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic state (HHS) both present with elevated blood glucose levels (BGLs). Choose which answer best represents the expected BGL findings:
d) DKA has BGL >10mmol/L and HHS has BGL >40mmol/L
You arrive at scene to find a diabetic patient conscious and confused but cooperative and with a BGL of 3.2mmol/L. Your initial pharmacological management should be:
a) Intravenous dextrose 10%/ glucose 10%
b) Intramuscular glucagon
c) oral glucose paste
d) administer the patients insulin dose
You arrive at scene to find a diabetic patient conscious and confused but cooperative and with a BGL of 3.2mmol/L. Your initial pharmacological management should be:
c) oral glucose paste
A person with T1DM injected insulin in the morning, however was too busy to eat his normal meal. Later, he is found slumped at his desk. On arrival, paramedics find him unconscious (GCS3) and hypoglycaemic (BGL 1.2mmol/L). What treatment should the paramedics initiate?
a) oral glucose, intravenous glucagon and/or intramuscular glucose/dextrose
b) oral glucose and/or intramuscular glycogen
c) oral glucose and/or intramuscular glucagon
d) intravenous glucose/dextrose and/or intramuscular glucagon
What treatment should the paramedics initiate?
d) intravenous glucose/dextrose and/or intramuscular glucagon
The glucagon ‘Hypokit’ comes in a dose of 1 IU (International Unit). This is equivalent to:
a) 0.1 milligrams of glucagon
b) 10 milligrams of glucagon
c) 1 milligram of glucagon
d) 1 gram of glucagon
The glucagon ‘Hypokit’ comes in a dose of 1 IU (International Unit). This is equivalent to:
c) 1 milligram of glucagon
Signs & Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis may include:
Look at picture for options:
Signs & Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis may include:
b) kussmaul respirations, severe dehydration, total body hypokalaemia, plasma hyperkalaemia, tachycardia, diuresis, polyuria, polydipsia
