Endocrine Physiology Part II

Question 1

List the purely endocrine glands.

Answer 1

Anterior pituitary
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal gland

Question 2

What processes doew the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 2

Regulation of thirst, hunger, fluid balance, body temperature, sleep/wake cycle, and certain reproductive functions

Question 3

Compare and contrast topic and trophic hormones.

Answer 3

Tropic hormones control secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands (tropism - different levels/tiers).
Trophic hormones induce growth in target cells.
Some hormones have both tropic and trophic effects.

Question 4

How do tropic hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.

Question 5

How does multiple tiers of control and negative feedback allow for the regulation of body conditions?

Answer 5

Allow endocrine system to tightlyregulate conditions within body
Critical for maintaining homeostasis

Question 6

Outline the first tier of control.

Answer 6

Neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones in response to change in homeostatic variable (tropic hormones)

Question 7

Outline the second tier of control.

Answer 7

Involves hypothalamus tropic hormones’ effect on anterior pituitary
Stimulates or inhibits anterior pituitary hormone secretion

Question 8

Outline the third tier of control.

Answer 8

Involves actions of anterior pituitary hormones at target tissues
Target tissue glands secrete hormones that can affect various homeostatic variables

Question 9

How does hormone secretion stop one a variable returns to its normal set point?

Answer 9

The hypothalamus stops secreting tropic hormones and the anterior pituitary changes its secretion accordingly. Target tissues follow suit closing the feedback loop.

Question 10

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Answer 10

The hypophysis.

Question 11

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 11

Via the infundibulum.

Question 12

What protects the pituitary gland.

Answer 12

The sphenoid bone.

Question 13

Describe the two different lobes of the pituitary gland.

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary - glandular tissue

Posterior pituitary - nervous tissue

Question 14

Hiw is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 14

Via vascular pathways.

Question 15

What types of hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete.

Answer 15

Peptide hormones.

Question 16

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Adenohypophysis

Question 17

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 17

6
Four are tropic (stimulate other endocrine glands)
Two affect non-endocrine targets

Question 18

What are the characterisitc of adenohypophyseal secretions?

Answer 18

Proteins/peptides
Act through second messenger systems
Reglated by hormonal stimuli - mostly negative feedback.

Question 19

Is the posterior pituitary gland an endorine structure?

Answer 19

No. It is composed of nervous tissue and is continuous with nerve fibers of the hypothalamus. It stores and secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus.

Question 20

What types of hormones does the posterior pituitary relesae?

Answer 20

Peptides

Question 21

How are hormones stored in the posterior pituitary.

Answer 21

They are produced in the hypothalamus. They travel thorugh the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary via axons. They are stored in axon terminals.

Question 22

Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 22

ADH and Oxytocin

ADH is also known as vasopressin

Question 23

What are posterior pituitary secretions controlled by?

Answer 23

Hypothalamic secretions

Negative feedback of target gland hormones

Question 24

How many hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

7 regulatory hormones (control anterior pituitary)
2 hormones (which are stored in posterior pituitary)
All are peptide hormones