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Integrated Systems 3 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major processes endocrine hormones regulate

A

Reproduction

Growth and development

Maintenance of homeostasis

Regulation of metabolism

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2
Q

How do endocrine “gland” sense and signal

A
  • Endocrine glands synthesize and store hormones
  • Glands have sensing and signaling system to regulate duration and magnitude of hormone release via feedback from target cell
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3
Q

What are the 7 main endocrine glands

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

What are the 6 organs with secondary endocrine functions

A
  • Heart
  • Thymus
  • Adipose
  • Digestive tract
  • Kidneys
  • Gonads
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5
Q

Hypothalamus secretes

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
  • Regulatory hormones
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6
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone

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8
Q

Thyroid releases

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
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9
Q

Adrenal cortex releases

A
  • Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of local hormones

A
  • Paracrine act on neighboring cells
  • Autocrine act on themselves
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11
Q

Hormones general functions

A
  • Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
  • Increase or decrease rate of synhesis
  • Turn existing enzymes or membrane channels on or off
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12
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives

Peptide hormones

Lipid derivatives

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13
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A
  • small structurally related to AA
  • Derivatives of tyrosine
    • Thyroid hormones
    • Catecholamines
      • Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
  • Derivatives of tryptophan
    • Serotonin and melatonin
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14
Q

Peptide hormones

A
  • Chains of AA
  • Most are made as pro-hormones
    • Inactive molecules converted to active before or after secreted
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15
Q

Glycoproteins

A
  • Are peptide hormones
  • More than 200 AA with carbohydrate side chains
    • Thyroid stimulating hormone
    • Luteinizing hormone
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone
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16
Q

Short polypetides/Small proteins

Peptide hormones

A
  • Includes all hormones secreted by
    • Hypothalamus
    • Heart
    • Thymus
    • Digestive tract
    • Pancreas
    • Posterior pituitary
17
Q

Short chain polypeptides

ex

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

18
Q

Small proteins

ex

A

Growth hormone

Prolactin

19
Q

Lipid derivatives

Eicosanoids

ex and functions

A
  • Derived from arachidonic acid, a 20 carbon fatty acid
  • Paracrine factors coordinate cell activities and effect enzymatic processes in extracell fluids (blood clotting)
  • Some eicosanoids like leukotrienes have secondary roles
20
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Lipid derivative, eicosanoids
  • Coordinate cell activities
  • In some tissues prostaglandins are converted to thromboxanes and prostacyclins
    • have strong paracrine effects
21
Q

Steroid hormones

released by

A
  • Reproductive organs- androgens (testes) estrogens and progestins by ovaries
  • Adrenal cortex
    • Corticosteroids
  • Kidneys
    • Calcitriol
22
Q

How are steroid hormones transported in plasma

A

Steroid hormones are bound to specific transport proteins in plasma

Remain in circulation longer than peptide hormones

23
Q

Free hormones

Last for

how are they broken down

A
  • Remain functional for less than an hour
  • Diffuse out of blood stream and bind to receptors
  • Broken down and absorbed by liver and kidney
  • Broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid
24
Q

Thyroid and steroid hormones circulation

A
  • Remain in circulation longer bc bound
  • Enter blood stream and most will become attached to secial transport proteins
  • Blood stream has substantial reserve of bound hormones
25
Q

Catecholamines and peptide hormones

entrance to cell

A
  • Are not lipid soluble
  • Must bind to an extracellular receptor
26
Q

Eicosanoids

Entrance to cell

A

Are lipid soluble

Diffuse across plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors

27
Q

First and second messengers general

A
  • Bind to receptors in plasma membrane
  • Cannot have direct effect on activities inside target cell
  • Use intracellular intermediary to exert effects
28
Q

First messenger action

A

Leads to second messenger

May act as enzyme activator, inhibitor, cofactor

Results in change in rates of metabolic reactions

29
Q

Second messengers action and some imp examples

A
  • Mediate intracellular hormonal functions
  • Imp second messengers
    • Cyclic-AMP (cAMP)
      • Derivative of ATP
    • Cyclic-GMP (cGMP)
      • Derivative of GTP
    • Calcium ions
30
Q

Down and up regulation btw hormones and receptors

A
  • Down regulation
    • Prescence of hormone triggers decrease in number of hormone receptors
    • When hormone levels are high, receptor is less sensitive
  • Up regulation
    • Absence of ormone triggers increase in receptors
    • When hormone levels are low, cells become more sensitive
31
Q

Affect of hormones acting on intracellular receptors

type of hormones that do this

A
  • Alter rate of DNA transcription in nucleus, protein synthesis
  • Affect metabolic activity and structure
  • Include steroid and thyroid hormones
32
Q

Endocrine reflex and control of it

A
  • Functional counterpart of neural reflexes
  • In most cases controlled by negative feedback
    • A stimulus will trigger production of hormone
    • The hormones direct or indirect effects then reduce the intensity of the stimulus
33
Q

What can trigger endocrine reflexes

A
  • Humoral stimuli
    • Changes in composition of extracellular fluid
  • Hormonal stimuli
    • Arrival or removal of hormone
  • Neural stimuli
    • Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions
34
Q

Simple endocrine reflex

A
  • Involves 1 hormone
  • Controls hormone secretion by
    • Heart
    • Pancreas
    • Parathyroid
    • Digestive tract
35
Q

Complex endocrine reflex

A
  • 1 or more intermediary steps
  • 2 or more hormones
36
Q

Antagonistic

A

Actions oppose eachother

37
Q

Synergistic

A

Actions ENHANCE effects of each other

38
Q

Permissive

A

Effects ocur when 1 hormone is required for the other to function

39
Q

Integrative

A

Effects occur when the hormone action differs with differing target organs

Integrated Systems 3 (8 decks)

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