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Integrated Systems 3 > Adrenal > Flashcards

Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Superficial Adrenal Cortex store and manufacture

A
  • Stores lipids (cholesterol FA)
  • Manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
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2
Q

What does the Inner Adrenal Medulla produce, and how is it controlled

A
  • Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Secretory activities controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
  • Metabolic changes persist for several minutes
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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciulata
  • Zona reticularis
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4
Q

Zona Glomerulosa produces

A

Produces mineral corticosteroids

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5
Q

Aldosterone

Function

Responds to

A
  • Stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions
  • Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds
  • Secretion responds to
    • Drop in blood Na, blood volume, blood pressure
    • Rise in blood potassium concentration
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6
Q

Zona Fasciculata

Produces (ex)

Regulation

Effect

A
  • Produces glucocorticoids
    • ex Cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone
      • Liver converts cortisol to cortisone
  • Secretion regulated by negative feedback
  • Inhibitory effect on production of
    • Corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus
    • ACTH in Ant pituitary
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7
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
  • Show anti-inflammatory effects
    • Inhibit activities of white blood cells and other componets of immune system
    • Side effect to increased susceptibility to infection
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8
Q

Glucocorticoids are used to treat

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Lupus
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Should not be used for long periods of time due to Cushings-like effects
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9
Q

Zona Reticularis

A
  • Network of endocrine cells
  • Forms narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla
  • Produces androgens under stimulation by ACTH
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10
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Moon face, kidney stones, fragile and thin skin

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11
Q

Addison Disease

A
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Symptoms
    • weight loss, general fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening
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12
Q

Epinephrine and norepineprine effects on skeletal muscle

A
  • Trigger mobilization of glycogen
  • Accelerate breakdown of glucose to make ATP
  • Overall this provides muscular strength and endurance
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13
Q

Epi and norepi effects in adipose tissue

A
  • Stored fats are broken down into fatty acids and released into the bloodstream
  • They are then brought to other tissues to use for ATP production
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14
Q

Epi and norepi effect in the Liver

A
  • Glycogen broken down
  • Glucose released into blood stream
  • Primmarily used by neural tissue bc it cant undergo fatty acid metabolism
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15
Q

Epi and norepi in heart

A
  • Stimulation of beta-1 receptors triggers an increase in rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction
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16
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A
  • Between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine
17
Q

What type of cells does the pancreas have

A
  • Contains exocrine and endocrine cells
18
Q

Anatomy of exocrine pancreas and what does it secrete

A
  • Consists of gland cell clusterrs called
    • Pancreatic Acini
  • Takes up 99% of pancreas
  • Secretes alkaline, enzyme rich fluid
    • Reaches lumen of digestive tract via network of secretory ducts
19
Q

Endocrine Pancreas anatomy, cells, and products

A
  • Clusters called Pancreatic Islets or Islets of langerhans
  • Alpha cells–> glucagon
  • Beta cells–> Insulin
  • Delta cells–> peptide hormone identical t GH-LH
  • F cells–> pancreatic polypeptide
20
Q

Response to blood glucose levels rising and droping

A
  • Glucose rise
    • Beta cells release insulin to atimulate glucose transport across plama membrane
  • Glucose drop
    • Alpha cells release glucagon to stimulate glucose release by liver
21
Q

Insulin

Accelerates

Stimulates

Inhibits

A
  • Accelerates
    • Glucose uptake
    • Glucose utilization and enhances ATP production
  • Stimulates
    • Glycogen formation
    • Amino acid formation and protein synthesis
    • Triglyceride formation in adipose
  • Inhibits
    • Adipocyte lipolysis
22
Q

Glucagon stimulates

A
  • Mobilization of energy reserves
  • Stimulates
    • Breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver
    • Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
    • G;uconeogenesis in liver
23
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Glucose concentration high enough to overwhelm kidneys ability to reabsorb
  • Hyperglycemia
    • Abnormally high blood glucose levels
  • Glucose appear in urine (sweet urine)
  • Urine volume becomes excessis
    • Polyuria
24
Q

Diabetes mellitus epidemiology

A
  • 3% of world population 100 million people
  • Increasing alarmingly, past decade increased by 40%
  • Most common non-communicable disease
  • Shortens life by 15 years
  • high morbidity and mortality
  • Leading cause of blindness and kidney disease
25
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1

A
  • Insulin dependent
  • Inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
  • Require insulin to live
  • Accouonts for 5-10% of cases
26
Q

Diabete mellitus type 2

A
  • Most common
  • Produce normal amounts of insulin but tissues do not respond properly- insulin resistance
  • Associated with obesity
27
Q

Complications of untreated dibetes mellitus

A
  • Kidney degeneration
  • Retinal damage
  • Early heart attacks
  • Peripheral nerve problems and damage
28
Q

Kidney degeneration

A
  • Dibetic neuropathy
    • Degenerative changes in kidney can lead to kidney failure
29
Q

Retinal damage

A
  • Diabetic retinopathy
    • Proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at retina may cause partial or complete blindness
30
Q

Early heart attacks due to diabetes

A
  • Degenerative blockages in cardiac circulation
  • 3 to 5 more likely than in nondiabetics
31
Q

Peripheral nerve problems dues to diabetes

A
  • Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues
  • Abnormal autonomic function
  • Collectively termed diabetic neuropathy
32
Q

Peripheral nerve damage due to diabetes

A
  • Blood flow to distal portions of limbs is reduced
  • Leading to tissue death, ulceration, infection, loss
33
Q

What hormones are important for growth

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Insulin
  • PTH and calcitriol
  • Reproductive hormones
34
Q

Growth hormone effect in children and adults

A
  • Children
    • Supports skeletal and muscular development
  • Adults
    • Maintains normal blood glucose concentrations
    • Mobilizes lipid reserves
35
Q

Effect is thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or for first year

A
  • Nervous sytem fails to develop normally
  • Mental retardation
36
Q

Effect is thyroid hormones decline before puberty

A
  • Normal skletal development will not continue
37
Q

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol function and deficiency

A
  • Promotes absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bones
  • Inadequate levels results in weak and flexible bones
38
Q

Hormonal response to stress

A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome
    • aka stress response
    • 3 phases
      • Alarm phase
      • Resistance phase
      • Exhaustion phase

Integrated Systems 3 (8 decks)

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