Adrenal Flashcards
1
Q
What does the Superficial Adrenal Cortex store and manufacture
A
- Stores lipids (cholesterol FA)
- Manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
2
Q
What does the Inner Adrenal Medulla produce, and how is it controlled
A
- Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Secretory activities controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
- Metabolic changes persist for several minutes
3
Q
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
A
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciulata
- Zona reticularis
4
Q
Zona Glomerulosa produces
A
Produces mineral corticosteroids
5
Q
Aldosterone
Function
Responds to
A
- Stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions
- Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds
- Secretion responds to
- Drop in blood Na, blood volume, blood pressure
- Rise in blood potassium concentration
6
Q
Zona Fasciculata
Produces (ex)
Regulation
Effect
A
- Produces glucocorticoids
- ex Cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone
- Liver converts cortisol to cortisone
- ex Cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone
- Secretion regulated by negative feedback
- Inhibitory effect on production of
- Corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus
- ACTH in Ant pituitary
7
Q
Glucocorticoids
A
- Accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
- Show anti-inflammatory effects
- Inhibit activities of white blood cells and other componets of immune system
- Side effect to increased susceptibility to infection
8
Q
Glucocorticoids are used to treat
A
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Lupus
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Should not be used for long periods of time due to Cushings-like effects
9
Q
Zona Reticularis
A
- Network of endocrine cells
- Forms narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla
- Produces androgens under stimulation by ACTH
10
Q
Cushings Syndrome
A
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Moon face, kidney stones, fragile and thin skin
11
Q
Addison Disease
A
- Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
- Symptoms
- weight loss, general fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening
12
Q
Epinephrine and norepineprine effects on skeletal muscle
A
- Trigger mobilization of glycogen
- Accelerate breakdown of glucose to make ATP
- Overall this provides muscular strength and endurance
13
Q
Epi and norepi effects in adipose tissue
A
- Stored fats are broken down into fatty acids and released into the bloodstream
- They are then brought to other tissues to use for ATP production
14
Q
Epi and norepi effect in the Liver
A
- Glycogen broken down
- Glucose released into blood stream
- Primmarily used by neural tissue bc it cant undergo fatty acid metabolism
15
Q
Epi and norepi in heart
A
- Stimulation of beta-1 receptors triggers an increase in rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction
16
Q
Where is the pancreas located
A
- Between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine
17
Q
What type of cells does the pancreas have
A
- Contains exocrine and endocrine cells
18
Q
Anatomy of exocrine pancreas and what does it secrete
A
- Consists of gland cell clusterrs called
- Pancreatic Acini
- Takes up 99% of pancreas
- Secretes alkaline, enzyme rich fluid
- Reaches lumen of digestive tract via network of secretory ducts
19
Q
Endocrine Pancreas anatomy, cells, and products
A
- Clusters called Pancreatic Islets or Islets of langerhans
- Alpha cells–> glucagon
- Beta cells–> Insulin
- Delta cells–> peptide hormone identical t GH-LH
- F cells–> pancreatic polypeptide
20
Q
Response to blood glucose levels rising and droping
A
- Glucose rise
- Beta cells release insulin to atimulate glucose transport across plama membrane
- Glucose drop
- Alpha cells release glucagon to stimulate glucose release by liver
21
Q
Insulin
Accelerates
Stimulates
Inhibits
A
- Accelerates
- Glucose uptake
- Glucose utilization and enhances ATP production
- Stimulates
- Glycogen formation
- Amino acid formation and protein synthesis
- Triglyceride formation in adipose
- Inhibits
- Adipocyte lipolysis
22
Q
Glucagon stimulates
A
- Mobilization of energy reserves
- Stimulates
- Breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver
- Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
- G;uconeogenesis in liver
23
Q
Diabetes Mellitus
A
- Glucose concentration high enough to overwhelm kidneys ability to reabsorb
- Hyperglycemia
- Abnormally high blood glucose levels
- Glucose appear in urine (sweet urine)
- Urine volume becomes excessis
- Polyuria
24
Q
Diabetes mellitus epidemiology
A
- 3% of world population 100 million people
- Increasing alarmingly, past decade increased by 40%
- Most common non-communicable disease
- Shortens life by 15 years
- high morbidity and mortality
- Leading cause of blindness and kidney disease
25
Diabetes mellitus type 1
* Insulin dependent
* Inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
* Require insulin to live
* Accouonts for 5-10% of cases
26
Diabete mellitus type 2
* Most common
* Produce normal amounts of insulin but tissues do not respond properly- insulin resistance
* Associated with obesity
27
Complications of untreated dibetes mellitus
* Kidney degeneration
* Retinal damage
* Early heart attacks
* Peripheral nerve problems and damage
28
Kidney degeneration
* Dibetic neuropathy
* Degenerative changes in kidney can lead to kidney failure
29
Retinal damage
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at retina may cause partial or complete blindness
30
Early heart attacks due to diabetes
* Degenerative blockages in cardiac circulation
* 3 to 5 more likely than in nondiabetics
31
Peripheral nerve problems dues to diabetes
* Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues
* Abnormal autonomic function
* Collectively termed diabetic neuropathy
32
Peripheral nerve damage due to diabetes
* Blood flow to distal portions of limbs is reduced
* Leading to tissue death, ulceration, infection, loss
33
What hormones are important for growth
* Growth hormone
* Thyroid hormones
* Insulin
* PTH and calcitriol
* Reproductive hormones
34
Growth hormone effect in children and adults
* Children
* Supports skeletal and muscular development
* Adults
* Maintains normal blood glucose concentrations
* Mobilizes lipid reserves
35
Effect is thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or for first year
* Nervous sytem fails to develop normally
* Mental retardation
36
Effect is thyroid hormones decline before puberty
* Normal skletal development will not continue
37
Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol function and deficiency
* Promotes absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bones
* Inadequate levels results in weak and flexible bones
38
Hormonal response to stress
* General Adaptation Syndrome
* aka stress response
* 3 phases
* Alarm phase
* Resistance phase
* Exhaustion phase
