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NPLEX - Physiology > Endocrine physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In vitamin D intoxication what are the phosphate levels?

A

elevated

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2
Q

Testosterone converts to DHT via which enzyme?

A

5 alpha reductase

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3
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

A

alpha-cells

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4
Q

In renal insufficiency what are the Ca levels?

A

low- not vitamin D means less absorption

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5
Q

How do steroids circulate if they are lipophilic?

A

bound to binding globulins. This increases their solubility and allows for increased delivery to the target organ

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6
Q

What triggers the release of calcitonin?

A

Increases serum calcium and calcium secretion

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7
Q

In Hyperparathyroidism, what are the phosphate levels?

A

decreased. PTH increases its secretion in the kidney to keep serum Ca high

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8
Q

How does peripheral tissue help regulate thyroid hormones?

A

interconversion between rT3 (weakest), T4 (weak), T3 (strongest)

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9
Q

What are the four Bs that describe T3s function?

A

brain maturation, bone growth, beta adrenergic effects, basal metabolic rate increased

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10
Q

Sort form strongest to weakest: reverse-T3, T3, T4

A

T3, then T4 then r-T3

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11
Q

Name five steroid hormones.

A

progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

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12
Q

Zona ____ makes cortisol?

A

zona fasciculata (remember GFR-salt, sugar, sex)

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13
Q

What prevents there from being too much thyroid hormone?

A

negative feedback of T3 to the anterior pituitary, decreases sensitivity to TRH from hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is the main secretory product of the medulla?

A

catecholamines

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15
Q

What effect does PTH have on Vitamin D?

A

increases its formation

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16
Q

Which cells synthesize thyroxine?

A

follicular/principle cells of thyroid

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17
Q

What is the mechanism by which metabolic rate is increased?

A

increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity, increased O2 consumption, increased body temperature

18
Q

Zona glomerulosa makes ____?

A

aldosterone

19
Q

What are some common causes of Hypercalcemia?

A

malignancy, intxication with vit d, sacroidosis, hyperparathyroidism, pagets (bone)

20
Q

Which two hormones are the primary regulators of the zona fasciculata?

A

ACTH (direct) and CRH (indirect)

21
Q

In hyperparathyroidism, what are the Ca levels?

A

increased. remember, PTH acts to increase Ca2+ in the serum

22
Q

zona reticularis manufactures?

A

sex hormones

23
Q

How do iodine levels affect T3 an dT4 concentrations?

A

low levels of iodine= more T3

high levels of iodine= more T4

24
Q

What effect would high does vitamin D consumption have on endogenous vitamin D production?

A

decrease in active 1, 25 synthesis in the kidney. Negative feedback loop

25
Q

Where is calcitonin made?

A

parafollicular or c cells in the thyroid gland

26
Q

Which cells of the adrenal glands produce catacholamines?

A

chromaffin cells

27
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

A

delta-cells

28
Q

What happens to glucose and lipid balance under T3s effect?

A

increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

29
Q

What kind of receptor do thyroid hormones binds to?

A

intracellular receptor- become transcription factors to alter gene transcription

30
Q

If you lack vitamin D as a child you get_____?

A

rickets

31
Q

Which hormone is the primary regulator of the zona glomerulosa?

A

renin-angiotensin

32
Q

In renal insufficiency what are the phosphate levels?

A

high-kidney can’t excrete

33
Q

Calcitonin are secreted by which cells?

A

parafollicular cells (c cells)

34
Q

What are two main functions of vitamin D?

A
  1. increases calcium phosphate absorption from the gut

2. increases bone resorption of calcium and phosphate.

35
Q

In Osteoporosis what are the Phosphate levels?

A

normal

36
Q

What does the kidney convert vitamin D into?

A

1, 25-OH-vitamin D (biologically active form)

37
Q

Testosterone can be converted to estrogen via which enzyme?

A

aromatase

38
Q

If you lack vitamin D as an adult you get ___?

A

osteomalacia

39
Q

What are the main effects of thyroid hormones? (6)

A
  1. increase protein synthesis
  2. increase cell growth and maturating
  3. increase cellular respiration
  4. increase oxygen consumption and metabolic rate
  5. increase food intake
  6. increase cardiac output and thermogenesis
40
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

A

beta-cells

NPLEX - Physiology (10 decks)

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