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NPLEX - Physiology > Cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial Barocreceptors-decreasing the stretch on the baroreceptors leads to increased or decreased efferent sympathetic stimulation?

A

increased

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2
Q

What event creates the 1st heart sound

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves, i.e. mitral and tricuspid, at the beginning of ventricular contraction

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3
Q

Which band in a skeletal muscle cell contains only actin filaments (thin filaments)?

A

i band

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4
Q

What ion is responsible for the slow depolarization current in the pacemaker AP? This current accounts for the automaticity of the eSA and AV nodes.

A

Na+

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram-QRS complex represents?

A

ventricular depolarization

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6
Q

Do Perkinje fibers have fast or slow response action potentials?

A

fast

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7
Q

Name three functions of bradykinin.

A

increased vasodilation, increased permeability and increased pain.

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8
Q

Ejection Fraction=

A

ejection fraction=stroke volume/end diastolic volume

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9
Q

Blood is ___% plasma

A

55% -the reset is formed elements (hematocrit)

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10
Q

Name three physiological changes that sensed by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies).

A
  1. decreased pO2 below 60 mmHg;
  2. increased pCO2
  3. decreased pH of blood
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11
Q

During which period is O2 consumption by the heart the highest?

A

isovolumetric contraction

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12
Q

Electrocardiogram-T wave represents?

A

ventricular repolarization

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13
Q

If you see the ventricles contraction before the atria what has happened?

A

the AV node has taken over pacemaking

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14
Q

What events create the second heart sound?

A

closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole

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15
Q

What is the last and final resort after both the AV and SA nodes no longer function as pacemakers?

A

the perkinje fibers take over and cause 30-40 beats/min.

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16
Q

Factors that decrease systolic pressure. (3)

A

stroke volume, HR, compliance

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17
Q

What factors affect capillary exchange? (4)

A

factors that affect diffusion rate are: surface area, membrane thickness, concentration gradient, solubility.

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18
Q

Which organ has the highest blood flow per gram of tissue?

A

kidney

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19
Q

Coronary circulation consumes what % of total body O2?

A

10-20%

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20
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells located?

A

in the SA node usually

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21
Q

What is the result of a pH of 6.5 on the heart?

A

it blocks calcium induced calcium release causing a reduction in cardiac muscle contraction

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22
Q

What is afterload?

A

diastolic arterial pressure (proportional to peripheral resistance)

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23
Q

When does S3 occur?

A

at end of rapid ventricular filling

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24
Q

When is coronary blood flow highest?

A

during diastole (when the heart is relaxed)

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25
Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve occurs as S1 or S2 heart sound?
S2
26
Ventricular end diastolic volume is termed ___.
preload
27
During contraction, which bands shrink in a muscle cell?
H, I, and Z bands
28
Which band in a muscle cell remains the same size?
A band (dark bands)
29
Factors that increase systolic pressure. (3)
stroke volume, HR, compliance
30
Which band in a skeletal muscle cell contains myosin filaments (thick filaments)?
H band/zone
31
Electrocardiogram- What is masked by the QRS complex?
atrial repolarization
32
Factors that increase diastolic pressure. (4)
TPR, HR, stroke volume, compliance
33
Factors that increase pulse pressure. (2)
stroke volume (systolic>diastolic); compliance (systolic increases and diastolic decreases)
34
Which organ has the largest share of systemic cardiac output?
liver
35
Arterial baroreceptors- carotid sinus baroorecptor transmits via what nerve to the medulla?
glossopharyngeal (IX)
36
What becomes the primary pacemaker if the SA node is damaged?
the av node
37
Explain how th eCA++/ Na+ exchanger pump can be used to treat congestive heart failure.
drugs such as digitalis block Na+/K+ exchangers thus increase intracellular Na+ concentrations which reverses the directionof the Ca+/Na+ exchanger bringing more CA+ into the cell causing muscle contraction.
38
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve occur as an S1 or S2 hear sound?
S1
39
During exercise, cardiac output (CO) increases as a result of an increase in ____ and ____?
stroke volume and heart rate
40
electrocaardiogram- Where is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node in right atrium
41
Factor II is also known as?
prothrombin
42
During what phase do coronary arteries fill?
diastole
43
If after-load is decreased, what happens to stroke volume?
increased
44
Forces that move fluid out of capillary?
capillary pressure (Pc) and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.
45
Ejection fraction is an index of ventricular ____?
contractility
46
Electrocardiogram-ST segment represents?
isoelectric, ventricles depolarized
47
What three entities affect stroke volume?
contractility, after-load and preload
48
What is the technical term for the migration of a white blood cell through an endothelium?
diapedesis
49
What may cause an S4 heart sound?
high atrial pressure/ stiff ventricle
50
Electrocardiogram-QT interval represents
mechanical contraction of ventricles
51
Isovolumetric contraction is the period between ___ valve closure and ___ valve opening.
mitral / aortic
52
Name three ways that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle with regards to its electrophysiology.
1. action potential has a plateau which is due Ca++ influx. 2. cardiac nodal cells spontaneously depolarize, resulting in automaticity. 3. cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions.
53
Are the number of erythrocytes increased or decreased at thigher altitudes?
increased
54
Electrocardiogram-a completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves is termed?
ventricular-fibrillation
55
Define after-load.
the pressure that a chamber of the heart must generate in order to eject blood.
56
What is pulse pressure?
systolic-diastolic blood pressure
57
Define pre-load
preload is the pressure stretching the ventricle of the hear, (1) after atrial contraction and subsequent passive filling of the ventricle
58
Arterial baroreceptors-aortic arch baroreceptor transmits via what nerve to the medulla?
vagus (X)
59
What ion is key for the action potentials of the SA and AV node?
Na
60
Myocardial action potential -During resting potential, the myocyte membrane is highly permeable to what ion?
K+
61
Blood-borne vasoconstrictors? (3)
endothelial cells: Ang II, Endothelian platelets: Thromboxane
62
Pulse pressure correlates to what other measure?
stroke volume
63
What is the effect of inspiration on heart rate?
reflex tachycardia
64
High atrial pressure/ stiff ventricle causes which heart sound?
S4
65
What happens to stroke volume in pregnancy?
increases
66
Factors that decrease diastolic pressure. (4)
TPR, HR, stroke volume, compliance
67
Blood-borne vasodilators? (2)
NO, Prostacydin
68
What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?
CO X TPR
69
Electrocardiogram- U wave is caused by?
hypocalemia or hypokalemia
70
Forces that move fluid into capillary?
interstitial fluid pressure (PI) and plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
71
Name the fibers which carry electrical impulses to the ventricles.
perkinje fibers
72
MAP=
CO x TPR
73
Aortic and pulmonic valve closure causes which heart sound?
S2
74
Define poikilocytosis
varying shapes
75
Arterial Baroreceptors-What is the effect of a carotid massage?
it increases the pressure in the carotid artery,increases the stretch of the baroreceptors, and leads to a decrease in heart rate.
76
Cardiac Output=
cardiac output=stroke volume x HR
77
IN which direction does the contraction of the heart proceed in ?
apex-->base
78
What is the effect of expiration on heart rate?
reflex bradycardia
79
Control of mean arterial pressure (MAP)-Name four compensatory mechanisms that are activated when barorecptors detect low MAP?
1. heart rate increases (beta1), contractility increases (beta1) 2. venous tone/venous return increases (alpha) 3. TPR increases (alpha) 4. kidneys retain sodium and H2O (via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
80
What does Starling's law say?
prestretched muscle contracts more forcefully
81
Stroke Volume=
stroke volume= end diastolic volume- end systolic volume
82
Electrocardiogram-P wave represents?
atrial depolarization
83
Coagulation Cascade: Factors requiring phospholipid surface for activation?
IX and X
84
Arterial Baroreceptors-Hypotension leads to vasoconstriction or dilation?
vasoconstriction
85
Coronary circulation receives what % of cardiac output?
5-10%
86
Electrocardiogram-PR segment represents?
conduction delay through AV node
87
MItral and tricuspid valve closure causes which heart sound?
S1
88
Define erythrocyosis
increased number of red cells
89
What is the lifetime of the rbc?
120 days

NPLEX - Physiology (10 decks)

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