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NPLEX - Physiology > Cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial Barocreceptors-decreasing the stretch on the baroreceptors leads to increased or decreased efferent sympathetic stimulation?

A

increased

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2
Q

What event creates the 1st heart sound

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves, i.e. mitral and tricuspid, at the beginning of ventricular contraction

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3
Q

Which band in a skeletal muscle cell contains only actin filaments (thin filaments)?

A

i band

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4
Q

What ion is responsible for the slow depolarization current in the pacemaker AP? This current accounts for the automaticity of the eSA and AV nodes.

A

Na+

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram-QRS complex represents?

A

ventricular depolarization

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6
Q

Do Perkinje fibers have fast or slow response action potentials?

A

fast

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7
Q

Name three functions of bradykinin.

A

increased vasodilation, increased permeability and increased pain.

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8
Q

Ejection Fraction=

A

ejection fraction=stroke volume/end diastolic volume

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9
Q

Blood is ___% plasma

A

55% -the reset is formed elements (hematocrit)

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10
Q

Name three physiological changes that sensed by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies).

A
  1. decreased pO2 below 60 mmHg;
  2. increased pCO2
  3. decreased pH of blood
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11
Q

During which period is O2 consumption by the heart the highest?

A

isovolumetric contraction

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12
Q

Electrocardiogram-T wave represents?

A

ventricular repolarization

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13
Q

If you see the ventricles contraction before the atria what has happened?

A

the AV node has taken over pacemaking

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14
Q

What events create the second heart sound?

A

closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole

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15
Q

What is the last and final resort after both the AV and SA nodes no longer function as pacemakers?

A

the perkinje fibers take over and cause 30-40 beats/min.

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16
Q

Factors that decrease systolic pressure. (3)

A

stroke volume, HR, compliance

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17
Q

What factors affect capillary exchange? (4)

A

factors that affect diffusion rate are: surface area, membrane thickness, concentration gradient, solubility.

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18
Q

Which organ has the highest blood flow per gram of tissue?

A

kidney

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19
Q

Coronary circulation consumes what % of total body O2?

A

10-20%

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20
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells located?

A

in the SA node usually

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21
Q

What is the result of a pH of 6.5 on the heart?

A

it blocks calcium induced calcium release causing a reduction in cardiac muscle contraction

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22
Q

What is afterload?

A

diastolic arterial pressure (proportional to peripheral resistance)

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23
Q

When does S3 occur?

A

at end of rapid ventricular filling

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24
Q

When is coronary blood flow highest?

A

during diastole (when the heart is relaxed)

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25
Q

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve occurs as S1 or S2 heart sound?

A

S2

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26
Q

Ventricular end diastolic volume is termed ___.

A

preload

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27
Q

During contraction, which bands shrink in a muscle cell?

A

H, I, and Z bands

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28
Q

Which band in a muscle cell remains the same size?

A

A band (dark bands)

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29
Q

Factors that increase systolic pressure. (3)

A

stroke volume, HR, compliance

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30
Q

Which band in a skeletal muscle cell contains myosin filaments (thick filaments)?

A

H band/zone

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31
Q

Electrocardiogram- What is masked by the QRS complex?

A

atrial repolarization

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32
Q

Factors that increase diastolic pressure. (4)

A

TPR, HR, stroke volume, compliance

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33
Q

Factors that increase pulse pressure. (2)

A

stroke volume (systolic>diastolic); compliance (systolic increases and diastolic decreases)

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34
Q

Which organ has the largest share of systemic cardiac output?

A

liver

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35
Q

Arterial baroreceptors- carotid sinus baroorecptor transmits via what nerve to the medulla?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

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36
Q

What becomes the primary pacemaker if the SA node is damaged?

A

the av node

37
Q

Explain how th eCA++/ Na+ exchanger pump can be used to treat congestive heart failure.

A

drugs such as digitalis block Na+/K+ exchangers thus increase intracellular Na+ concentrations which reverses the directionof the Ca+/Na+ exchanger bringing more CA+ into the cell causing muscle contraction.

38
Q

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve occur as an S1 or S2 hear sound?

A

S1

39
Q

During exercise, cardiac output (CO) increases as a result of an increase in ____ and ____?

A

stroke volume and heart rate

40
Q

electrocaardiogram- Where is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node in right atrium

41
Q

Factor II is also known as?

A

prothrombin

42
Q

During what phase do coronary arteries fill?

A

diastole

43
Q

If after-load is decreased, what happens to stroke volume?

A

increased

44
Q

Forces that move fluid out of capillary?

A

capillary pressure (Pc) and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.

45
Q

Ejection fraction is an index of ventricular ____?

A

contractility

46
Q

Electrocardiogram-ST segment represents?

A

isoelectric, ventricles depolarized

47
Q

What three entities affect stroke volume?

A

contractility, after-load and preload

48
Q

What is the technical term for the migration of a white blood cell through an endothelium?

A

diapedesis

49
Q

What may cause an S4 heart sound?

A

high atrial pressure/ stiff ventricle

50
Q

Electrocardiogram-QT interval represents

A

mechanical contraction of ventricles

51
Q

Isovolumetric contraction is the period between ___ valve closure and ___ valve opening.

A

mitral / aortic

52
Q

Name three ways that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle with regards to its electrophysiology.

A
  1. action potential has a plateau which is due Ca++ influx.
  2. cardiac nodal cells spontaneously depolarize, resulting in automaticity.
  3. cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions.
53
Q

Are the number of erythrocytes increased or decreased at thigher altitudes?

A

increased

54
Q

Electrocardiogram-a completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves is termed?

A

ventricular-fibrillation

55
Q

Define after-load.

A

the pressure that a chamber of the heart must generate in order to eject blood.

56
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

systolic-diastolic blood pressure

57
Q

Define pre-load

A

preload is the pressure stretching the ventricle of the hear, (1) after atrial contraction and subsequent passive filling of the ventricle

58
Q

Arterial baroreceptors-aortic arch baroreceptor transmits via what nerve to the medulla?

A

vagus (X)

59
Q

What ion is key for the action potentials of the SA and AV node?

A

Na

60
Q

Myocardial action potential -During resting potential, the myocyte membrane is highly permeable to what ion?

A

K+

61
Q

Blood-borne vasoconstrictors? (3)

A

endothelial cells: Ang II, Endothelian platelets: Thromboxane

62
Q

Pulse pressure correlates to what other measure?

A

stroke volume

63
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on heart rate?

A

reflex tachycardia

64
Q

High atrial pressure/ stiff ventricle causes which heart sound?

A

S4

65
Q

What happens to stroke volume in pregnancy?

A

increases

66
Q

Factors that decrease diastolic pressure. (4)

A

TPR, HR, stroke volume, compliance

67
Q

Blood-borne vasodilators? (2)

A

NO, Prostacydin

68
Q

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

A

CO X TPR

69
Q

Electrocardiogram- U wave is caused by?

A

hypocalemia or hypokalemia

70
Q

Forces that move fluid into capillary?

A

interstitial fluid pressure (PI) and plasma colloid osmotic pressure.

71
Q

Name the fibers which carry electrical impulses to the ventricles.

A

perkinje fibers

72
Q

MAP=

A

CO x TPR

73
Q

Aortic and pulmonic valve closure causes which heart sound?

A

S2

74
Q

Define poikilocytosis

A

varying shapes

75
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors-What is the effect of a carotid massage?

A

it increases the pressure in the carotid artery,increases the stretch of the baroreceptors, and leads to a decrease in heart rate.

76
Q

Cardiac Output=

A

cardiac output=stroke volume x HR

77
Q

IN which direction does the contraction of the heart proceed in ?

A

apex–>base

78
Q

What is the effect of expiration on heart rate?

A

reflex bradycardia

79
Q

Control of mean arterial pressure (MAP)-Name four compensatory mechanisms that are activated when barorecptors detect low MAP?

A
  1. heart rate increases (beta1), contractility increases (beta1)
  2. venous tone/venous return increases (alpha)
  3. TPR increases (alpha)
  4. kidneys retain sodium and H2O (via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
80
Q

What does Starling’s law say?

A

prestretched muscle contracts more forcefully

81
Q

Stroke Volume=

A

stroke volume= end diastolic volume- end systolic volume

82
Q

Electrocardiogram-P wave represents?

A

atrial depolarization

83
Q

Coagulation Cascade: Factors requiring phospholipid surface for activation?

A

IX and X

84
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors-Hypotension leads to vasoconstriction or dilation?

A

vasoconstriction

85
Q

Coronary circulation receives what % of cardiac output?

A

5-10%

86
Q

Electrocardiogram-PR segment represents?

A

conduction delay through AV node

87
Q

MItral and tricuspid valve closure causes which heart sound?

A

S1

88
Q

Define erythrocyosis

A

increased number of red cells

89
Q

What is the lifetime of the rbc?

A

120 days

NPLEX - Physiology (10 decks)

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