Endocrine Part 2

Question 1

. Which best describes the key distinction between endocrine and exocrine glands?
A) Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances.
B) Exocrine glands produce hormones that act on distant target organs.
C) Endocrine glands always require second messenger systems to function.
D) Exocrine glands regulate homeostasis, whereas endocrine glands only influence metabolism.

Answer 1

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances

why the rest are incorrect:
a-exocrine glands do not produce hormones
c-partially ture but not always!
d- only endocrine gland regulate homeostatis

Question 2

which of the following is true about paracrine signalling?
a. it targets distant cells via ducts
b. it targets nearby cells via diffusion
c. it targets nearby cells in the bloodstream
d. it targets external environmetn via diffusion
e. it targets distant cells via ducts

Answer 2

paracrine targets nearby cells (mostly) via diffusion

Question 3

these are hypothalmic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function

Answer 3

hypophysiotropic hormones

Question 4

What is the primary advantage of having a feedback loop in endocrine regulation?
A) To enhance hormone secretion until levels reach a maximum threshold.
B) To maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels in response to changes.
C) To allow continuous secretion of hormones without external regulation.
D) To completely prevent fluctuations in hormone levels.

Answer 4

To maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels in response to changes.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why hormones only affect specific target cells?

A) All cells respond to all hormones, but at different intensities.
B) Only target cells have the appropriate receptors for a given hormone.
C) Hormones change shape depending on the target organ they reach.
D) Target cells actively secrete hormones before responding to them

Answer 5

Only target cells have the appropriate receptors for a given hormone.

Question 6

how does hypothalamus connection to the anterior pituitary differ from its connection to the posterior pituitary

Answer 6

anterior pituitary
- hypothalamic neurons have shorter axons, connect to a portal system (the hypothalamophyphoseal portal vessel). hypothalamic hormones are sent through the portal system into endothelial cells, which secrete their own hormones into the blood

posterior pituitary= hypothalamic nuerons have longer axons, neurons are the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.
para mainly releases oxytocin and supra mainly releases vassopressin. sometimes both nuerons release these cells. the axons release the hormones into a capillary

Question 7

hormones from the anterior pituitary gland that targets the ovaries and testes

Answer 7

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 8

what is the target of ACTH and where does this hormone originate?

Answer 8

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is an anterior pituitary hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex

Question 9

what is the target of Thyroid stimulating hormone and where does this hormone originate?

Answer 9

TSH is a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that targets the thyroid gland

Question 10

what does prolactin target and where does it originate from?

Answer 10

prolactin (PRL) is an anterior pituitary hormone that targets mammary glands

Question 11

an anteriory pituitaty gland hormone that acts on all tissues

Answer 11

growth hormone (GH)

Question 12

How does GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) work and where does it originate from

Answer 12

GnRH is a hormone from the hypothalamus that increases LH anf FSH

Question 13

Why do hormones released by the hypothalamus differ from those secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 13

hormones of the hypothalamus either increase or decrease the affects/regulate of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Question 14

How does CRH (Coticotropin releasing hormone) work and where does it originate from

Answer 14

CRH is a hypothalamus hormone that increases ACTH secretion

Question 15

a hormone of the hypothalamus that increases TSH section

Answer 15

Thyroid releasing hormone

Question 16

Increases GH secretion

Answer 16

GHRH, a hormone of the hypothalamus

Question 17

how does GHIH (groeth inhibiting hormone) or Somatostatin (SS) differ?

Answer 17

they have no difference,

both are hypothalamus hormones that decrease GH secretion

Question 18

What is the relationship between prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and dopamine?

A) PIH and dopamine are two separate hormones that both stimulate prolactin secretion.

B) Dopamine acts as PIH because it inhibits prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary.

C) PIH is released by the anterior pituitary, while dopamine is produced in the hypothalamus.

D) PIH and dopamine have no direct relationship; they regulate different hormonal pathways.

Answer 18

dopamine is basically a prolactin inhibiting hormone

b

Question 19

how does negative feedback control work to control hypophysiotrophic hormones?

Answer 19

a high level of a final hormone (target gland hormone) shows down or stops its production

it stops its own production bu inhibiting secretion of hypophysiotropic hormone and anterior pituitary hormone

these actions regulate hormone levels and ensures that too much hormone isnt secreted

Question 20

how does long loop and short loop negatve feeback system differ?

Answer 20

short loop=occurs when anterior pituitary hormones regulate the hypothalamus

long loop= occurs when the target gland hormones regulate the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

(pg 12, topic 2)

Question 21

what is oxytocin and ADH

Answer 21

oxytocin and ADH are hormones of the pituitary gland,

KNOW:
- they are produced in cell bodies of the hypothalamus and are carried by axons to the posterior ipituitary
- adh is made in the SON and secreted by the PP

Question 22

Which of the following would occur in a patient with primary hypothyroidism?
A) Increased TRH, decreased TSH, decreased T3/T4
B) Increased TRH, increased TSH, decreased T3/T4
C) Decreased TRH, increased TSH, increased T3/T4
D) Decreased TRH, decreased TSH, increased T3/T4

Answer 22

B (In primary hypothyroidism, low T3/T4 removes negative feedback, leading to high TRH and TSH.)

Question 23

ow does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland?
A) By releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream
B) By sending electrical impulses through the spinal cord
C) By secreting tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system
D) By stimulating the posterior pituitary to release its own hormones

Answer 23

C (The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.)

Question 24

Which hormone is most likely to act via an intracellular receptor rather than a membrane-bound receptor?
A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Glucagon

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

A patient with an iodine deficiency will most likely exhibit which of the following hormonal changes? A) Low TSH, high T3/T4 B) High TSH, low T3/T4 C) Low TRH, low TSH, low T3/T4 D) High TSH, high T3/T4

Answer 25

: B (Iodine is needed for T3/T4 synthesis; low levels remove negative feedback, raising TSH.)

Question 26

How does growth hormone indirectly promote bone growth? A) By stimulating insulin release from the pancreas B) By increasing calcium absorption in the intestines C) By stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) D) By directly binding to bone cells to activate osteoblasts

Answer 26

C (GH stimulates the liver to release IGF-1, which promotes bone and tissue growth.) the process of growth is controlled by catrtilage cells called chondrocytes which control growth hormone and IGF-1

Question 27

why is the epiphysis and the shaft separated by a growth plate?

Answer 27

the growth plate serves as the active site for bone growth, turning cartilage into bone

Question 28

give a sequence on how bones grow longer?

Answer 28

1. progenitor cells (fibroblasts) will differentuate and become cartilage cells (chondrocytes) 2. the chondrocytes will undergo cell division (proliferation), leading to more chondrocytes 3. minerals, such as phosphates and calcium, will be added when there is an abundance of chondrocytes. adding minerals leads to ossification (bone hardening) 4. this leads to the formation of bone. bone continues to grow until growth plates close

Question 29

when does growth really happen?

Answer 29

occurs with the proliferation (cell division of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates cartilage cells are in the growth plate

Question 30

Which of the following best describes the effects of growth hormone (GH) on fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism? A) GH stimulates lipolysis, decreases glucose uptake into adipose tissue, and promotes amino acid breakdown for gluconeogenesis. B) GH promotes fat storage, enhances glucose uptake into muscle cells, and increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis . C) GH increases lipolysis, reduces glucose uptake into muscle cells, stimulates gluconeogenesis, and promotes protein synthesis and cellular growth. D) GH reduces lipid breakdown, increases blood glucose by enhancing insulin secretion, and increases amino acid excretion from the body.

Answer 30

GH increases lipolysis, reduces glucose uptake into muscle cells, stimulates gluconeogenesis, and promotes protein synthesis and cellular growth. fats= gh increases lipolysis (lipid breakdown) and increases the amount of fatty acids for energy carbs= gh decreases glucose uptake into muscles (anti insulin effect), increases gluconeogenesis in the liver and glucose levels in blood (hypoglycemia) protein: increases amino acid uptake into cells, more protein synthesis, increases the number of cells in connective tissue and cell size

Question 31

what hormones increase and decrease growth hormone secretion

Answer 31

increases with GHRH decreases with Stomatostatin, GH(negative feedback), IGF-1

Question 32

which of the following statements are metabolic and other things that affect GH secretion? a. GH secretion increases when you have deep sleep and decreases when malnourished b. GH secretion increases when you have deep sleep and decreases when malnourished c. GH is secreted with hypoglycemia and increases in levels in the blood d. GH is secreted with hyperglycemia, and increased levels of amino acids in the blood

Answer 32

metabolic= gh is secreted with hypoglycemia, and increaed levels of amino acids in blood other= gh is increased when you have deep sleep, and decreases if you are malnourished

Question 33

how does too much GH affect children and adults (goganticism and acromegally)

Answer 33

- Children get giganticism, which increases their height linearly - adults get acromegaly, which is the thickening of the jaw, enlarged hands, feet, there is no linear growth and is associated with metabolic effects such as hyperglycemia

Question 34

explain the two diseases correlating with little gh secretion

Answer 34

- dwarfism: seen in children, due to low GHRH release and low GH synthesis - Laron ddwarfism, where there is mutation in the GH receptor - metabolic effects

Question 35

what are the sources and targets for ADH and oxytocin

Answer 35

Recall (both of these are hormones of the pituitary gland) and these are both peptide hormones ADH: comesf from the SON (supraoptic nucleus) targets kideys and bloodvessels oxytocin: from the PVN (paraventricular nucleus) and works on uterus and mammary glants

Question 36

explain the mechanism of how ADH is formed in the following situations: a) increased osmolarity in the ECF b) decreased ECF or blood pressure

Answer 36

situation a) high solutes in ecf (increased osmolarity) will be detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. situation b) loew ECF and blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system both situations: after detetction the SOn will secrtete ADH into the blood from the posteriori pituitary gland and travel to the kidneys (for situation a) or blood vessels (for situation b) and bring the body back to homeostasis (more water retention)

Question 37

your patient complains about loosing so much water and that they get so dehydrated no matter how much water they drink, what could be the cause for this? a. they have too much ADH, resulting in (nephrogenic or central/nuerogenic) diabetes insepidus b. they have too little ADH, resulting in (nephrogenic or central/nuerogenic) diabetes insepidus c. they have too much ADH, resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) d. they have too little ADH, resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIAD)

Answer 37

they have too little ADH, resulting in (nephrogenic or central/nuerogenic) diabetes insepidus this condition lets lots of water go(not a lot of water retention)

Question 38

your patient has increases water retention anf increased blood volume? what is wrong with them? a. they have too much ADH, resulting in (nephrogenic or central/nuerogenic) diabetes insepidus b. they have too little ADH, resulting in (nephrogenic or central/nuerogenic) diabetes insepidus c. they have too much ADH, resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) d. they have too little ADH, resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIAD)

Answer 38

the answer is: they have too much ADH, resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) having too much ADH means that there is more water for ADH for water to hold onto in the body

Question 39

Which of the following is not correct about ADH/Vasopressin? a. It is secreted from the posterior pituitary b. It is stimulated by increase in plasma osmolarity c. It is stimulated by a fall in blood pressure d. It is secreted by the SON of the hypothalamus

Answer 39

d is false, ADH is produced by the SON and secreted by the pp

Question 40

which is correct about oxytocin? a. it is a hormone of the anterior pituitary b. it enhances gonad maturation c. it participates in a positive feedback loop d. it inhibits lactation e. it causes a cervical stretch and lactation

Answer 40

it participates in a positive feeback loop AND it causes cervical stretch and lactation a-adh is from the posterior pituitary