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Year 2 Endocrine > Endocrine pancreas and adrenal gland > Flashcards

Endocrine pancreas and adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine islets are derived from what germ layer?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

islets are slightly more numerous in what part of the pancreas?

A

tail

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3
Q

islets are made up of what structural components?

A

reticular fibers
rich capillary network
autonomic nerve fibers

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4
Q

what cell types make up the pancreas? which is most numerous?

A 
beta (most numerous) 
alpha 
delta 
G 
PP (F) 
D1 
EC
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5
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

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6
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

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7
Q

what do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

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8
Q

what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

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9
Q

insulin is secreted by what pancreatic cell type?

A

beta

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10
Q

glucagon is secreted by what pancreatic cell type?

A

alpha

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11
Q

somatostatin is secreted by what pancreatic cell type?

A

delta

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12
Q

gastrin is secreted by what pancreatic cell type?

A

G cells

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13
Q

what do PP (F) cells secrete? what is its function?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

inhibits exocrine secretions of pancreas

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14
Q

what do D1 cells secrete? what is the function?

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

increases motility and stimulates GI fluid secretion

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15
Q

what do EC cells secrete? what is the function?

A

secretin, motilin, substance P, serotonin

  • secretin: stimulates secretion from exocrine pancreas
  • motilin: promotes gastric and intestinal motility
  • substance P: neurotransmitter
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16
Q

proinsulin is cleaved into what products?

A

insulin and protein C

17
Q

mechanism of insulin secretion

A
  • proinsulin packaged into immature, clathrin coated vesicles by trans-Golgi face
  • immature vesicles are slightly acidic and enzymatic cleavage of proinsulin is facilitated
  • mature vesicles as clathrin coat is shed - these vesicles become acidic
18
Q

gliclazide and glimepiride are what type of drugs? what is the MOA?

A

diabetes drugs

sulfonylurea receptor inhibitors - allow membrane depolarization due to inactivation of potassium channel - calcium can enter and insulin is released

19
Q

which GLUT transporter is insulin dependent? insulin independent? which is found on beta cells?

A

insulin dependent - GLUT-4
insulin independent - GLUT-1, 2, 3, 5

GLUT-2 receptors are found on beta cells

20
Q

how does DM relate to GLUT physiology? what is the result?

A

loss of GLUT-2 from beta cell membrane and a decrease in GLUT-2 mRNA

result - impairment of glucose stimulated secretion of insulin

21
Q

the outer cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from what germ layer? what about the inner medulla?

A

outer cortex - mesoderm

inner medulla - neural crest cells of neuroectoderm

22
Q

what is required for differentiation of precursor cells into chromaffin cells?

A

cortisol and nerve growth factor

23
Q

which three arteries supply the adrenal gland?

A
  • superior suprarenal (from inferior phrenic)
  • middle suprarenal (from aorta)
  • inferior suprarenal (from renal)
24
Q

the suprarenal arteries is responsible for supplying blood to which areas of the adrenal gland?

A
  • cortical arteries supply cortical parenchyma and form venous plexus which then supplies the medulla
  • medullary arteries penetrate the cortex (do not supply it) and supply medullary parenchyma
25
Q

what are chromaffin cells?

A

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the adrenal medulla

26
Q

the chromaffin cells are innervated by what fibers?

A

sympathetic preganglionic fibers from T8-L1 segmental levels of the spinal cord

27
Q

with excess ACTH and cortical hypertrophy, are all three zones contributing to the hypertrophy?

A

fasciculata and reticularis

glomerulosa will NOT thicken

28
Q

chromaffin cells secrete which compounds?

A

EPI (primarily)

NE

29
Q

catecholamines are derived from what amino acid?

A

tyrosine

30
Q

catechomaline biosynthesis starting at DA

A
  • dopamine translocated into secretory granule
  • dopamine beta-hydroxylase converts DA to NE
  • NE transported out of secretory granule into cytoplasm
  • phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) converts NE to EPI
31
Q

which catecholamine biosynthesis enzyme is regulated by cortisol?

A

phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

32
Q

phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is regulated by what compound?

A

cortisol

33
Q

what is the organ of zuckerkandl?

A

site of ectopic adrenal medullary tissue located around abdominal aorta between bifurcation and IMA

34
Q

a tumor of the organ of zuckerkandl would be expectd to chiefly increase its output of what compound?

A

NE

35
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A
  • pathway to cortisol production is dysfunctional
  • steroid production is shunted to androgens

low cortisol causes excessive ACTH production and influence - leads to hypertrophy of inner cortex (inner two zones) - more androgens

leads to ambiguous genitalia in a female

Year 2 Endocrine (33 decks)

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