Endocrine pancreas

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

What forms pancreas?

Answer 2

2 pancreatic buds

Question 3

Function of pancreas?

Answer 3

1) Make and secrete digestive enzymes and fluid
2) Release peptide hormones into portal vein

Question 4

What 2 types cells present in pancreas?

Answer 4

Acini cells
Islets of langerhans

Question 5

What is more common acini or islets of langerhans?

Answer 5

Acini- 98-99%
Islets of langerhans- 1-2%

Question 6

Function of acini cells?

Answer 6

Make and secrete fluid and digestive enzymes
Secrete via pancreatic ducts into duodenal papilla

Question 7

How is fluid and digestive enzymes secreted from pancreas?

Answer 7

Via pancreatic ducts into duodenal papilla

Question 8

Function of islets of Langerhans?

Answer 8

Release peptide hormones into portal vein

Question 9

Where are peptide hormones released into?

Answer 9

Portal vein

Question 10

What do (IOL) produce:
Alpha
Beta
Delta

Answer 10

Alpha- glucagon
Beta- insulin
Delta- somatostatin (inhibit)

Question 11

What cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 11

Alpha cells iol

Question 12

What cells secrete insulin?

Answer 12

Beta iol

Question 13

What cells secrete somatostatin?

Answer 13

Delta

Question 14

Function of insulin?

Answer 14

1) Reduce glucose output by liver
2) Increase storage of glucose, FA + aa
3) Stops breakdown of fat + muscle

Uptake glucose for storage (glycogenesis)
Decrease blood glucose

Question 15

Function of glucagon?

Answer 15

1) Stimulate breakdown glycogen to glucose in liver (glycogenolysis)
2) Stimulates breakdown of fat + muscle
3) Activate gluconeogenesis- conversion of amino acids into glucose.

Increase blood glucose

Question 16

Define glycogenolysis?

Answer 16

glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Question 17

Define gluconeogenesis?

Answer 17

gluconeogenesis - the manufacture of glucose from non carbohydrate sources, mostly protein

Question 18

If high glucose what chemical processes occur?

Answer 18

Short term – glycogenesis
Long term – lipogenesis

Question 19

Define glycogenesis?

Answer 19

Formation glycogen (store glucose)

Question 20

If low glucose what chemical processes occur?

Answer 20

Short term – glycogenolysis
Long term - gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Function glucagon?

Answer 21

Mobilises glucose, FA + aa from stores
Stimulates breakdown of fat + muscle

Question 22

What inhibits glucagon and insulin?

Answer 22

Somatostatin

Question 23

Structure of insulin?
How is insulin activated?

Answer 23

Alpha and beta chains connected by C peptide (proinsulin)
C peptide cleaved- active form insulin

Question 24

Describe process insulin release?

Answer 24

1) Beta cells in islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
2) Contain GLUT2- low affinity glucose
3) When high lvls prod glucose-6-phosphate
4) ATP act on K channel
5) Membrane depolarises
6) Activation Ca2+ channel- Ca2+ influx
7) Ca2+ binds insulin secretory granules
8) Granules bind membrane- insulin released

Primary- quick
Secondary- slow

Question 25

What amplifies response to glucose?

Answer 25

Incretins

Question 26

How will following be affected in adipose and muscle?
Decrease glycogenolysis
Decrease gluconeogenesis
Decrease ketogenesis
Increase glycogenogenesis
Increase FA synthesis

Answer 26