Endocrine Other Organs

Question 1

Pancreas location

Answer 1

Between the inferior border of the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum)

Question 2

What are the two types of glands found in the pancreas?

Answer 2

• Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands

Question 3

What do exocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?

Answer 3

digestive enzymes into ducts that transport them to the duodenum

Question 4

How do endocrine glands in the pancreas function?

Answer 4

they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

What are pancreatic islets also known as?

Answer 5

Islets of Langerhans.

Question 6

4 types of cells in the pancreatic islets

Answer 6

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, PP cells

Question 7

Hormone produced by alpha cells

Answer 7

glucagon

Question 8

Function of glucagon

Answer 8

Increases blood glucose levels

Question 9

What triggers the release of glucagon?

Answer 9

low blood glucose levels

Question 10

Hormones produced by beta cells

Answer 10

insulin and amylin

Question 11

Function of insulin

Answer 11

lowers blood glucose levels

Question 12

What triggers the release of insulin and amylin?

Answer 12

high blood glucose levels

Question 13

Function of amylin

Answer 13

reduces blood glucose spikes

Question 14

Hormone produced by delta cells

Answer 14

somatostatin

Question 15

Function of somatostatin

Answer 15

paracrine regulation

Question 16

What trigger somatostatin secretion

Answer 16

rising blood glucose levels

Question 17

Hormone produced by PP cells

Answer 17

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 18

Function of pancreatic polypeptide

Question 19

How does the pancreas maintain glucose homeostasis

Answer 19

by releasing insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to increase blood glucose

Question 20

Hormones release by the intestines

Answer 20

peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, gastrin

Question 21

Function of peptide YY (PYY)

Answer 21

signals fullness and terminates eating

Question 22

Function of cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 22

stimulates gallbladder to release bile

Question 23

Function of ghrelin

Answer 23

stimulates appetite

Question 24

Function of gastrin

Answer 24

stimulates stomach acid secretion

Question 25

Hormones release by the kidneys

Answer 25

calcitriol, angiotensin II, erythropoietin (EPO), renin

Question 26

Function of calcitriol

Answer 26

raises blood calcium levels

Question 27

Function of angiotensin II

Answer 27

blood pressure regulation, vasocontriction, stimulates aldosterone release

Question 28

Function of erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 28

stimulates erythrocyte production, regulates oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 29

Function of renin

Answer 29

enzyme that initiates angiotensin production, converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 30

Hormones release by the heart

Answer 30

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Question 31

Function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 31

promotes sodium excretion, increases urine output

Question 32

Function of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Answer 32

supports cardiovascular regulation, helps manage fluid balance

Question 33

Hormones release by the thymus

Answer 33

thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin

Question 34

Function of thymopoietin

Question 35

Function of thymosin

Answer 35

stimulate development of lymphoid organs

Question 36

Function of thymulin

Question 37

Hormones release by the gonads

Answer 37

ovarian hormones: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin testicular hormones: testosterone, inhibin

Question 38

Function of estradiol

Answer 38

regulates menstrual cycle, promotes reproductive development

Question 39

Function of progesterone

Answer 39

sustains pregnancy, prepares uterus for potential embryo, supports mammary gland development

Question 40

Function of inhibin

Answer 40

suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion, regulates sperm and reproductive hormone production

Question 41

Function of testosterone

Answer 41

promotes masculine physcial characteristics, supports sperm production, stimulates male reproductive system development

Question 42

Hormones release by adipose tissue

Answer 42

leptin, adiponectin, resistin

Question 43

Function of leptin

Answer 43

long term appetite regulation

Question 44

Function of adiponectin

Answer 44

regulates glucose metabolism, enhances insulin activity, reduces inflammation

Question 45

Function of resistin

Answer 45

influences insulin resistance, modulates metabolic processes

Question 46

How does the kidney maintain blood pressure and volume homeostasis

Answer 46

*renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system*