Endocrine Functions of Other Glands

Question 1

Structure of pineal gland

Answer 1

• attached to the roof of the third ventricle
• contains pinealocytes

Question 2

Pineal gland function

Answer 2

influence circadian rhythms, inhibit reproductive functions, secretes melatonin at night

Question 3

Melatonin function

Answer 3

influence circadian rhythms

Question 4

Structure of the thymus

Answer 4

in the mediastinum

Question 5

Thymus function

Answer 5

stimulates lymphatic organs and lymphocytes, secretes thymosin

Question 6

Structure of the thyroid gland

Answer 6

• 2 lobes connected by the isthmus
• rich blood supply

Question 7

Thyroid gland function

Answer 7

metabolic regulation, increases heart rate, promotes alertness, stimulates growth hormone secretion

Question 8

Thyroid gland location

Answer 8

adjactent to the trachea and below the larynx

Question 9

Hormones released by the thyroid

Answer 9

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 10

What triggers the thyroid to release T3 and T4

Question 11

List one function of T3 and T4

Answer 11

T3 - control body temp
T4 - stimulates appetite

Question 12

Why is iodine an essential nutrient?

Answer 12

the thyroid gland can’t function without it

Question 13

Thyroid hormone effects on major organs

Answer 13

• elevates rate of oxygen and energy consumption
• increase heart rate and force of contraction
• increase sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
• maintain normal sensitivity of respiratory centers
• stimulate red blood cell formation
• stimulate activity in other endocrine tissues
• accelerate turnover of minerals in bone

Question 14

Thyroid hormone functions

Answer 14

• affect almost every cell in the body
• strong, immediate, short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism
• binds to receptors in cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus

Question 15

How do the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland work together to maintain body temp homeostasis

Answer 15

• hypothalamus receives information and secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
• anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• thyroid follicles release triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 16

Structure of parathyroid gland

Answer 16

• 4 tiny glands on the back of the thyroid

Question 17

Location of the parathyroid gland

Answer 17

posterior surface of the thyroid

Question 18

Function of the parathyroid gland

Answer 18

regulates blood calcium levels

Question 19

Role of PTH in calcium homeostasis

Answer 19

stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and releases calcium into the bloodstream

Question 20

Structure of adrenal glands

Answer 20

• 2 regions: outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
• pyramid-shaped
• highly vascular

Question 21

Location of adrenal glands

Answer 21

superior to kidneys

Question 22

Function of adrenal glands

Answer 22

regulates electrolute balance, stress response regulation, supports libido

Question 23

Regions of the adrenal gland

Answer 23

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 24

Adrenal cortex zones

Answer 24

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, adrenal medulla

Question 25

Hormones of the adrenal gland

Answer 25

outer adrenal cortex: corticosteroids inner adrenal medulla: E, NE

Question 26

What controls corticosteroids, E, and NE

Question 27

How does the sympathetic division control the adrenal medulla

Answer 27

- messages from hypothalamus - produces E and NE - binds to alpha and beta receptors on plasma membranes - increased use of cellular energy, mobilization of energy nerves - increased heart rate and force of contraction

Question 28

Thyroglobulin functions

Answer 28

Crucial in development of thyroid hormones

Question 29

What do C cells make?

Answer 29

calcitonin