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Histology Block 3 > Endocrine I: Pituitary, Pineal, and Medulla > Flashcards

Endocrine I: Pituitary, Pineal, and Medulla Flashcards

1
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands with ducts that secrete non-hormones via ducts onto epithelial surfaces

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2
Q

What part of the cranium houses the pituitary gland?

A

The sella turcica

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3
Q

What controls secretion of pituitary hormones?

A

The hypothalamus

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4
Q

From what is the posterior pituitary derived? What is its alternate name based on this?

A

Derived from a downgrowth of neuroectoderm– aka neurohypophysis

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5
Q

From what does the anterior pituitary develop?

A

An upgrowth of the roof of the primitive oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars nervosa and infundibulum

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8
Q

What are the functions of the posterior pituitary? what hormones does it contain?

A

Storage of oxytocin and ADH produced in the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

Axons from paraventricular and supraoptic nulcei of the hypothalamus extending into the pars nervosa, where they release hormones

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10
Q

Where, specifically, is antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) produced? Oxytocin?

A

ADH- supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus; Oxytocin- produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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11
Q

True or False: Axons within the neurohypophysis with secretory activity are myelinated

A

False

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12
Q

What glial cells support neurons within the posterior pituitary?

A

Pituicytes

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13
Q

What is the most numerous cell of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pituicytes

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14
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Swellings within axons of the posterior pituitary, which are sites of storage for neurosecretory material

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15
Q

What kind of hormone is primarily secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

Tropic hormones

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16
Q

Histologically, what are the different types of cells in the pars distalis?

A

Chromophils (acidophils and basophils) and Chromophobes

17
Q

What is the primary mechanism for regulating anterior pituitary hormone release?

A

Releasing and inhibitory factors released from the hypothalamus?

18
Q

How are releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus transported to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

19
Q

What is a portal system?

A

A vascular system where blood travels from one capillary bed to another through a vein without first traveling to the heart?

20
Q

What is the narrow zone of tissue between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa?

A

Pars intermedia

21
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

Benign tumors of glandular origin

22
Q

What is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland?

A

A dense connective tissue capsule

23
Q

What are the developmental origins of the suprarenal gland?

A

Cortex is derived from mesoderm; medulla is derived from neural crest cells

24
Q

What supplies blood to the adrenal glands? What supplies the cortex and medulla?

A

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal aa which form a subcapsular plexus; short cortical arteries supply the cells of the adrenal cortex and long cortical arteries supply the medulla

25
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex from outside to the inside?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

26
Q

What hormones are produced by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids, esp. aldosterone

27
Q

What is the primary product of the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids, esp cortisol

28
Q

Why are cells of the zona reticularis more heavily stained than those of the other zones?

A

They contain fewer lipid droplets and more lipofuscin pigment

29
Q

What is secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens

30
Q

How do mitochondria of the adrenal cortex look ?

A

Spherical

31
Q

What is the predominant cell type of the adrenal medulla? What hormone does it release?

A

Chromaffin cells; epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

32
Q

What is the embryological origin of the chromaffin cells?

A

Neural crest cells

33
Q

What innervates chromaffin cells?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

34
Q

How does the pineal gland develop? What is its purpose?

A

It develops as an evagination of the posterior wall of the third ventricle and remains attached to the brain by a short stalk

35
Q

What two types of cells are located within the pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes and neuroglial cells

36
Q

What cells release melatonin?

A

Pinealocytes

37
Q

What is the histologic feature that is characteristic of the pineal gland? What is it?

A

Corpora arenacea- deposits composed of concentric layers of calcium and magnesium phosphate in an organic matrix

Histology Block 3 (5 decks)

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