Endocrine Hormones Flashcards
Triiodothyronine
Ab: T3 Made by: Colloid of thyroid Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH Target: Almost all cells of body Function: Growth and metabolism
Thyroxine
Ab: T4 Made by: Colloid of thyroid Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH Target: Almost all cells of body Function: Growth and metabolism
Calcitonin
Ab: CT
Made by: Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Regulated by: Humoral/Rising blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in blood
Function: Promotes bone deposition. Lowers blood Ca2+
Parathyroid Hormone
Ab: PTH
Made by: Parathyroid chief cells
Regulated by: Humoral/Falling blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in bone
Function: Promotes Ca2+ resorption. Raises blood Ca2+
Mineralocorticoids
Main Hormone: Aldosterone
Made by: Zona Glomerulosa
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH, Activation of RAA pathway
Target: Kidneys (Distal convoluted tubules)
Function: Raises blood volume and pressure. Regulation of electrolytes (Na+/K+)
Glucocorticoids
Main Hormone: Cortisol
Made by: Zona Fasciculata
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH (eating, activity, stress)
Target: Many cells
Function: Keep blood glucose levels constant (gluconeogenesis), maintain blood pressure, regulate stress
Gonadocorticoids
Main Hormone: Sex hormones, mainly androgens
Made by: Zona Reticularis
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH
Target: Many cells
Function: Secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, onset of puberty
Epinephrine
Main Hormone: Adrenaline Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS Target: Many cells Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
Norepinephrine
Main Hormone: noradrenaline Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS Target: Many cells Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
Melatonin
Made by: Pinealocytes Stored: Pineal gland Regulated by: Neural stimuli/light Target: Brain and many cells Function: Influence circadian rhythms
Glucagon
Made by: Pancreas alpha cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Falling blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)
Target: Liver/Skeletal muscle
Function: Raises blood glucose levels
Insulin
Made by: Pancreas beta cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Rising blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
Target: Liver/Blood
Function: Lowers blood glucose levels
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Ab: hCG Made by: Placenta Regulated by: Pregnancy Target: Corpus Luteum Function: Maintains corpus luteum, promotes placental development
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Ab: ANP Made by: Atrium Regulated by: Blood pressure Target: blood vessels Function: Lowers blood pressure
Renin
Made by: Kidney
Regulated by: Blood pressure
Target: Stretch receptors in blood vessels
Function: Initiates R-A-A pathway, changes Angio to Angio I
Erythropoietin
Ab: EPO
Made by: kidney
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/blood level of oxygen
Target: Stem cells
Function: Tells stem cells to become red blood cells
Oxytocin
Ab: OT
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Uterus, mammary glands, sex organs
Function: Labor: stimulates uterine contractions, Letdown: triggers milk ejection, Love drug: role in sexual arousal
Antidiuretic Hormone
Ab: ADH
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Collecting duct of kidney tubules
Function: Stimulates collecting ducts of kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water into blood vessels. Raises blood volume/pressure
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Ab: TSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TRH released by hypothalamus
Target: Thyroid gland
Function: Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Ab: ACTH or Corticotropic Made by: Anterior pituitary Stored: Anterior pituitary Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/CRH Target: Adrenal cortex Function: Promotes release of corticosteroid hormones
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Ab: FSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Follicle in ovary
Function: Cause follicle maturation (gametogenesis: egg in Females, sperm in Males)
Luteinizing Hormone
Ab: LH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Corpus luteum
Function: Maintains corpus luteum after ovulation
Prolactin
Ab: PRL Made by: Anterior pituitary Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/PIH Target: Mammary glands Function: Stimulates milk production
OT
Oxytocin
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic or Corticotropin
FSH
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
PRL
Prolactin
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Thyroxine
CT
Calcitonin
PTH
Parathyroid Hormone
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid
Androgen
Gonadocorticoids - sex hormone
adrenaline
Epinephrine
noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
hCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
EPO
Erythropoietin
Thymosin
Made by: Thymus
Function: Involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes for immune response.
Shrinks with age.
Testosterone
Made by: Testes
Function: Initiates maturation of male reproductive organ
Appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive. Necessary for sperm production.
Name the two main classes of hormones
Non-steroid hormones – amino acid-based hormones (polar)
Steroid hormones – synthesized from cholesterol (non-polar)
Name the two mechanisms of hormone action depending on their chemistry
Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) bind to cell membrane receptors
Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) enter the target cell and bind with intracellular receptors.
Name two types of hormone specificity
Receptor found only on certain cells (e.g. ACTH with receptors on adrenal cortex)
Receptors found on nearly all cells of the body (T4 on many cells)
How does a hormone degrade?
Degrading enzyme
Kidneys
Liver
Half-life
Name three types of hormone interaction at target cells
Permissiveness: one hormone cannot exert itself without another hormone being present
Synergism: more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell (e.g. GH and T4 for growth)
Antagonism: one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone (insulin and glucagon have opposite actions)
Name the three types of hormone release regulation
Humoral stimuli – changing blood levels of ions and nutrients stimulates secretion of hormone
Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (SNS and posterior pituitary)
Hormonal stimuli – Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (Hypothalamic RH release most anterior pituitary hormones, A.P. hormone stimulates targets to secrete other hormones, hormones from final target organ inhibit release of A.P. hormone.
Name scientific name for posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis (posterior) – downgrowth of hypothalamic tissue
Adenohypophysis (anterior) – grows from nasopharynx and pinches off
Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Describe anterior pituitary-hypothalamic relationship
Anterior lobe uses the hypophyseal portal system
Carries releasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs) to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
List the anterior pituitary hormones
Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL)
Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are proteins?
All of them
Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are tropic (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)?
All but GH and PR
What are the two gonadotropins mentioned on the endocrine chart?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) – maintains C. L. then releases progesterone. A version of LH is present in males.
Describe the thyroid gland
Two lateral lobes connected by a middle mass called the isthmus
Colloids fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of TH
Follicular cells surround the colloid
Parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin
Name the two compounds that make up Thyroid hormone (TH)
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Name TH role besides growth and metabolism
Maintains blood pressure
Regulates tissue growth
Development of skeletal and nervous systems
Describe the parathyroid glands
Four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of the thyroid
Contain oxyphil cells (unknown function) and chief cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathormone)
PTH – most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
How are the adrenal layers regulated?
Adrenal medulla- sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal cortex- hormonal
Name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids produced from superficial to deep
Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculate- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids (sex hormones- most are androgens)
What kind of cells does the pancreas have (two categories)? (Refer to slides for photo of cells)
Acinar cells (exocrine)- produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion (outside of pancreatic islet)
Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) contain endocrine cells
Alpha cells produce glucagon
Beta cells produce insulin
Glucagon targets the liver, where it promotes:
Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
Effects of insulin:
Lowers blood glucose levels
Enhances membrane transport of glucose into cells
Inhibits effects of glucagon
What is the function of testosterone?
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
Sperm production
Maintains reproductive organs in their functional state
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Produces a few hormones such as the thymosins, which are involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes (T-cells) for immune response
Shrinks as one ages
