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AP2 > Endocrine Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Triiodothyronine

A 
Ab: T3
Made by: Colloid of thyroid
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH
Target: Almost all cells of body
Function: Growth and metabolism
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2
Q

Thyroxine

A 
Ab: T4
Made by: Colloid of thyroid
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH
Target: Almost all cells of body
Function: Growth and metabolism
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3
Q

Calcitonin

A

Ab: CT
Made by: Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Regulated by: Humoral/Rising blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in blood
Function: Promotes bone deposition. Lowers blood Ca2+

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Ab: PTH
Made by: Parathyroid chief cells
Regulated by: Humoral/Falling blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in bone
Function: Promotes Ca2+ resorption. Raises blood Ca2+

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5
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Aldosterone
Made by: Zona Glomerulosa
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH, Activation of RAA pathway
Target: Kidneys (Distal convoluted tubules)
Function: Raises blood volume and pressure. Regulation of electrolytes (Na+/K+)

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6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Cortisol
Made by: Zona Fasciculata
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH (eating, activity, stress)
Target: Many cells
Function: Keep blood glucose levels constant (gluconeogenesis), maintain blood pressure, regulate stress

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7
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Sex hormones, mainly androgens
Made by: Zona Reticularis
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH
Target: Many cells
Function: Secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, onset of puberty

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8
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Main Hormone: Adrenaline
Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS
Target: Many cells
Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
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9
Q

Norepinephrine

A 
Main Hormone: noradrenaline
Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS
Target: Many cells
Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
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10
Q

Melatonin

A 
Made by: Pinealocytes
Stored: Pineal gland
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/light 
Target: Brain and many cells
Function: Influence circadian rhythms
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11
Q

Glucagon

A

Made by: Pancreas alpha cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Falling blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)
Target: Liver/Skeletal muscle
Function: Raises blood glucose levels

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12
Q

Insulin

A

Made by: Pancreas beta cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Rising blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
Target: Liver/Blood
Function: Lowers blood glucose levels

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13
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A 
Ab: hCG
Made by: Placenta
Regulated by: Pregnancy
Target: Corpus Luteum
Function: Maintains corpus luteum, promotes placental development
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14
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A 
Ab: ANP
Made by: Atrium
Regulated by: Blood pressure
Target: blood vessels
Function: Lowers blood pressure
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15
Q

Renin

A

Made by: Kidney
Regulated by: Blood pressure
Target: Stretch receptors in blood vessels
Function: Initiates R-A-A pathway, changes Angio to Angio I

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16
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Ab: EPO
Made by: kidney
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/blood level of oxygen
Target: Stem cells
Function: Tells stem cells to become red blood cells

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17
Q

Oxytocin

A

Ab: OT
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Uterus, mammary glands, sex organs
Function: Labor: stimulates uterine contractions, Letdown: triggers milk ejection, Love drug: role in sexual arousal

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18
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Ab: ADH
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Collecting duct of kidney tubules
Function: Stimulates collecting ducts of kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water into blood vessels. Raises blood volume/pressure

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19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Ab: TSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TRH released by hypothalamus
Target: Thyroid gland
Function: Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A 
Ab: ACTH or Corticotropic
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/CRH
Target: Adrenal cortex
Function: Promotes release of corticosteroid hormones
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21
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

Ab: FSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Follicle in ovary
Function: Cause follicle maturation (gametogenesis: egg in Females, sperm in Males)

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22
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Ab: LH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Corpus luteum
Function: Maintains corpus luteum after ovulation

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23
Q

Prolactin

A 
Ab: PRL
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/PIH
Target: Mammary glands
Function: Stimulates milk production
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24
Q

OT

A

Oxytocin

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25
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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26
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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27
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic or Corticotropin

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28
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

29
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

30
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

31
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

32
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

33
Q

CT

A

Calcitonin

34
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone

35
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoid

36
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid

37
Q

Androgen

A

Gonadocorticoids - sex hormone

38
Q

adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

39
Q

noradrenaline

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

hCG

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

41
Q

ANP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

42
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin

43
Q

Thymosin

A

Made by: Thymus
Function: Involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes for immune response.
Shrinks with age.

44
Q

Testosterone

A

Made by: Testes
Function: Initiates maturation of male reproductive organ
Appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive. Necessary for sperm production.

45
Q

Name the two main classes of hormones

A

Non-steroid hormones – amino acid-based hormones (polar)

Steroid hormones – synthesized from cholesterol (non-polar)

46
Q

Name the two mechanisms of hormone action depending on their chemistry

A

Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) bind to cell membrane receptors
Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) enter the target cell and bind with intracellular receptors.

47
Q

Name two types of hormone specificity

A

Receptor found only on certain cells (e.g. ACTH with receptors on adrenal cortex)
Receptors found on nearly all cells of the body (T4 on many cells)

48
Q

How does a hormone degrade?

A

Degrading enzyme
Kidneys
Liver
Half-life

49
Q

Name three types of hormone interaction at target cells

A

Permissiveness: one hormone cannot exert itself without another hormone being present
Synergism: more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell (e.g. GH and T4 for growth)
Antagonism: one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone (insulin and glucagon have opposite actions)

50
Q

Name the three types of hormone release regulation

A

Humoral stimuli – changing blood levels of ions and nutrients stimulates secretion of hormone
Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (SNS and posterior pituitary)
Hormonal stimuli – Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (Hypothalamic RH release most anterior pituitary hormones, A.P. hormone stimulates targets to secrete other hormones, hormones from final target organ inhibit release of A.P. hormone.

51
Q

Name scientific name for posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis (posterior) – downgrowth of hypothalamic tissue
Adenohypophysis (anterior) – grows from nasopharynx and pinches off

52
Q

Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

A 
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
53
Q

Describe anterior pituitary-hypothalamic relationship

A

Anterior lobe uses the hypophyseal portal system

Carries releasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs) to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

54
Q

List the anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
55
Q

Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are proteins?

A

All of them

56
Q

Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are tropic (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)?

A

All but GH and PR

57
Q

What are the two gonadotropins mentioned on the endocrine chart?

A 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – maintains C. L. then releases progesterone. A version of LH is present in males.
58
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A

Two lateral lobes connected by a middle mass called the isthmus
Colloids fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of TH
Follicular cells surround the colloid
Parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin

59
Q

Name the two compounds that make up Thyroid hormone (TH)

A

T4 (thyroxine)

T3 (triiodothyronine)

60
Q

Name TH role besides growth and metabolism

A

Maintains blood pressure
Regulates tissue growth
Development of skeletal and nervous systems

61
Q

Describe the parathyroid glands

A

Four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of the thyroid
Contain oxyphil cells (unknown function) and chief cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathormone)
PTH – most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis

62
Q

How are the adrenal layers regulated?

A

Adrenal medulla- sympathetic nervous system

Adrenal cortex- hormonal

63
Q

Name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids produced from superficial to deep

A

Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculate- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids (sex hormones- most are androgens)

64
Q

What kind of cells does the pancreas have (two categories)? (Refer to slides for photo of cells)

A

Acinar cells (exocrine)- produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion (outside of pancreatic islet)
Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) contain endocrine cells
Alpha cells produce glucagon
Beta cells produce insulin

65
Q

Glucagon targets the liver, where it promotes:

A

Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Gluconeogenesis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

66
Q

Effects of insulin:

A

Lowers blood glucose levels
Enhances membrane transport of glucose into cells
Inhibits effects of glucagon

67
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
Sperm production
Maintains reproductive organs in their functional state

68
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Produces a few hormones such as the thymosins, which are involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes (T-cells) for immune response
Shrinks as one ages

AP2 (11 decks)

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