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AP2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How are leukocytes attracted to damaged tissue?

A

Chemotaxis - a chemical attraction

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2
Q

How can a leukocyte leave capillaries and into tissue spaces?

A

Diapedesis

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3
Q

What is the leukocyte WCC (white cell count)?

A

5-10 thousand/mm3

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4
Q

Name when WBC is over 11,000/mm3.

What does this indicate?

A

Leukocytosis

Bacterial or viral invasion.

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5
Q

What percentage of total blood volume do WBC account for?

A

<1%

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6
Q

Which leukocytes have granules or freckles? How are their nuclei?

A

Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Have lobed nuclei

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7
Q

Which leukocytes do not have granules or freckles?

A

Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei

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8
Q

What is the differential wbc count for neutrophils?

A

50-70% or >50%

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9
Q

What is the differential wbc count for eosinophils?

A

2-4% or <5%

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10
Q

What is the differential wbc count for basophils?

A

.5-1% or .1%

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11
Q

What is the differential wbc count for lyphocytes?

A

25-33%

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12
Q

What is the differential wbc count for monocytes?

A

3-8% or <10%

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13
Q

Which leukocytes are phagocytic?

A

All, but lymphocytes

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14
Q

Describe neutrophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)

A

Most numerous >50%
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) - multi-lobed nucleus
Granules take both acidic & basic dyes, giving the cytoplasm a pinkish color
First responders
Phagocytic

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15
Q

Describe eosinophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)

A 
<5%
Bilobed nuclei (mickey mouse ears)
Red-staining acidophilic granules
Digest parasitic worms, modulators of allergenic responses
Phagocytic
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16
Q

Describe basophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)

A 
<1%
U or S shaped nucleus, usually hidden
blue/purple granules often cover nucleus
Histamine: inflammitory that vasodilates and attracts wbcs to inflamed sites.
Heparin: anticoagulant
Similar to mast cells
Diapedesis
Phagocytic
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17
Q

Describe lymphocytes (diff count, nucleus, main job, if phagocytic)

A

25-33%
large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of bluish cytoplasm
Crucial to immunity by locating and defending against antigens
Mostly found in lymphatic tissue, some in blood
Non phagocytic

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18
Q

Name the three types of lymphocytes

A

T cells- Cell mediation, type of immunity (t for talk, snitch), grow up in the thymus gland under the influence of thymosine
B cells- give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies through humoral immunity (assassins), born in and stay in the bone
N-K (natural killer cells)- act as named, mysterious as they are not induced by an antigen

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19
Q

Describe monocytes (diff count, nucleus, main job, if phagocytic)

A 
<10
Largest leukocytes
Dark purple-stained kidney-shaped nuclei
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Leave circulation via diapedesis, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
Last responders
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20
Q

Name for the production of WBCs, stimulated by chemical messengers from bone marrow or mature WBCs (interleukins)

A

Leukopoiesis

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21
Q

Describe thrombocytes (making, diff count, formation, main job)

A

Small fragments of megakaryocytes
About 250k/mm3
Formed by thrombopoietin hormone from liver and kidney, made in bone marrow
Forms temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

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22
Q

Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding is called?

A

Hemostasis

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23
Q

Name steps for hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm- vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel, triggered by direct injury, chemicals, or pain reflexes
  2. platelet plug formation- positive feedback cycle. Platelets stick to collagen fibers with the help of plasma protein, release chemical messengers (serotonin) to enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation
  3. coagulation (blood clotting)- complex sed of reactions, blood transformed from liquid to a gel to reinforce platelet plug
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24
Q

Name the three phases of coagulation

A
  1. Platelet plug is formed.
  2. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, through a series of events will converge to produce prothrombin activator.
  3. In the prothrombin activator, rothrombin (inactive) is converted into thrombin (active)
  4. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen (inactive) to form fibrin (active), creating a cross-linked fibrin mesh
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25
Q

Describe thromboembolytic conditions

A

Thrombus- clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. May block circulation, leading to tissue death.
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream. Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen. Cerebral emboli can cause strokes.

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26
Q

What make up the formed elements of blood?

A

WBC’s – the only ‘complete’ cells in formed elements
RBC’s – function is to carry (O2/CO2 etc) have no nuclei or organelles
Platelets – cell fragments of megakaryocytes

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27
Q

RBCs aka

A

Erythrocytes

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28
Q

WBCs aka

A

Leukocytes

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29
Q

Platelets aka

A

Thrombocytes

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30
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45 - alkaline

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31
Q

Blood Temperature

A

98.6 F or 37 C

32
Q

Blood body percentage of weight

A

About 8% of body weight

33
Q

Blood volume

A

Females 4-5 L

Males 5-6 L

34
Q

The hematocrit ratio:

What if RBC volume is higher than normal?

A

45% of blood. If higher, less plasma = dehydration

35
Q

Function of blood 1

A

Transportation of o2/nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste

36
Q

Function of blood 2

A

Regulation of body temperature (bunny ears), pH using buffers, and circulatory fluid volume

37
Q

Function of blood 3

A

Protection against blood loss (blood clotting), infection (antibodies, complement proteins, wbcs defend against invadors)

38
Q

Blood plasma composition

A 
92% water
1% misc., 
7% proteins- 
60% albumin (osmoregulator), 
36% globulins (immunoglobulins), 
4% fibrin*(ogens) clotting agent. * inactive precursor
39
Q

Platelets formed from what?

A

megakaryocytes

40
Q

RCC (red cell count)

A

4.2-6.2 million/mm3 (5 million/mm3)

41
Q

% of hemoglobin (Hb) & water of RBC

A

33% Hb

65% water

42
Q

Hemoglobin structure/Function

A

4 protein chains
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
Each chain has a heme
Each heme has a Fe atom that can bind to one O2 molecule. Each Hb can carry 4 O2.

43
Q

Hemoglobin: O2 loading in the lungs produces…

A

oxyhemoglobin (Hb - O2)

44
Q

Hemoglobin:O2 unloading in the tissues produces…

A

deoxyhemoglobin (Hb x Oz - naked hemoglobin)

45
Q

Hemoglobin: Co2 loading in the tissue produces…

A

carbaminohemoglobin (Hb - Co2) (Carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)

46
Q

Formation of any blood cell and location

A

Hemotopoiesis, red bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to elements, hormones, and growth factors push cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development

47
Q

RED blood cell production name and location
Hormone
Too many RBC —->
Too few RBC—–>

A

Erythropoiesis, Marrow stem cells
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Too many = raise in blood viscosity
Too few = tissue hypoxia

48
Q

Life span RBC and death

A

100-120 days
RBC become fragile (squeezing through capillaries)
Hb degrades
Macrophages enguld dying RBC in spleen

49
Q

Fate and destruction of Erythrocytes

A 
Heme and globin separated
Fe salvaged/recycled
Heme degraded to bilirubin
Liver secretes biliruben in bile into the intestines
Degraded biliruben leaves body in feces
Globin is catabolized into amino acids
50
Q

Transfusions (when, what kind of cells, what if incompatible)

A

Blood loss substantial
Packed red blood cells (plasma removed) to restore oxygen-carrying capacity
Fatal

51
Q

Foreign antigens promote _____

A

Agglutination (clumping) and destruction of foreign RBCs

52
Q

What is the name for the thin layer that separates the plasma from the formed elements if blood has been put through a centrifuge?

A

Buffy coat

53
Q

Hormone that produces RBC

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

54
Q

Hormone that produces platelets

A

thrombopoietin (TPO)

55
Q

Chemical messengers from bone marrow that stimulate production of WBCs

A

Interleukins

56
Q

Name for the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

A

Hematocrit

57
Q

What makes up the miscellaneous part of blood plasma?

A

Nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones

58
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow in the epiphyses of bone

59
Q

What sort of cells give rise to all formed elements?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells turn into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

60
Q

What role do antigens play in determining if a transfusion is successful?

A

RBC membranes bear unique antigens
Mismatched antigens from transfused blood are perceived as foreign
Foreign antigens promote agglutination (clumping) and destruction of foreign RBCs

61
Q

What are the ABO blood groups, and what basis is used for their classification?

A

Types A, B, AB, and O
Classification based on presence or absence of antigens A and B on the surface of the RBCs
Blood may contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies that act against antigens considered to be foreign

62
Q

How many varieties of RBC antigens?

A

Humans have 30 varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens

63
Q

Other blood groups (besides ABO)

A

MNS, Duffy, Kell, and Lewis are usually weak agglutinogens and so are not considered during transfusions

64
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What causes it?

A

If an Rh- woman becomes pregnant with an Rh+ man then their child would be Rh+. The exposure to the Rh+ blood of her child (in the womb) would cause her to become sensitized and to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies.
She becomes sensitized with her 1st child, so the 1st child can be born
All other children will be rejected by the mother’s body when anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the RBCs of the next Rh+ baby.

65
Q

How can you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Baby can be treated with prebirth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth
RhoGAM serum containing anti-Rh can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized

66
Q

What triggers vascular spasm?

A

Direct injury, chemicals, and pain reflexes

67
Q

What sort of health problems can be caused by an embolus?

A

Pulmonary emboli: impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli: can cause strokes

68
Q

Explain the structure of adult hemoglobin

A

Adult hemoglobin is made of four globin chains. Two of the globin chains are alpha chains, and two of them are beta chains. At the center of each chain is a heme. Each heme has one iron atom in its center.

69
Q

How does fetal hemoglobin structure differ from adult hemoglobin structure?

A

Adult hemoglobin has 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta subunits. Fetal hemoglobin also has 2 alpha subunits, but instead of beta subunits, they have 2 gamma subunits.

70
Q

Describe the lifespan of Erythrocytes (RBC)

A

RBC begin in red blood marrow as stem cells. The stem cells are then stimulated by (Erythropoietin) EPO to become erythrocytes. Erythrocytes become fragile from moving through small capillaries. They live about 100-120 days then they are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen and liver. The iron from the erythrocytes is recycled and the heme is turned into bilirubin which is secreted as waste in feces. The globin is broken down into amino acids.

71
Q

Describe the mechanisms of aldosterone secretion (R-A-A Pathway)

A

The R-A-A Pathway is stimulated when the kidneys detect low blood pressure. This stimulates the kidneys to secrete the hormone renin into the blood. Once in the blood, renin encounters angiotensin which converts it into angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is a weak vasoconstrictor so it raises blood pressure slightly. Angiotensin 1 then travels to the lungs where it encounters angiotensin converting enzyme and is converted into angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 travels to the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex where it stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone regulates Na+/K+ levels and H2O retention which raises blood volume and blood pressure.

72
Q

What could be one of the possible reasons for hematocrit to be elevated, and what effect could that have on your blood?

A

If hematocrit is elevated it could mean you are dehydrated. This would cause your blood to be more viscous which would raise your blood pressure

73
Q

What is an effective way to get warm?

A

Wrap something around your kidney area

74
Q

Where are plasma proteins made?

A

The liver

75
Q

What is ischemia?

A

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body. Can lead to hypoxia

AP2 (11 decks)

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