Blood Flashcards
How are leukocytes attracted to damaged tissue?
Chemotaxis - a chemical attraction
How can a leukocyte leave capillaries and into tissue spaces?
Diapedesis
What is the leukocyte WCC (white cell count)?
5-10 thousand/mm3
Name when WBC is over 11,000/mm3.
What does this indicate?
Leukocytosis
Bacterial or viral invasion.
What percentage of total blood volume do WBC account for?
<1%
Which leukocytes have granules or freckles? How are their nuclei?
Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Have lobed nuclei
Which leukocytes do not have granules or freckles?
Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
What is the differential wbc count for neutrophils?
50-70% or >50%
What is the differential wbc count for eosinophils?
2-4% or <5%
What is the differential wbc count for basophils?
.5-1% or .1%
What is the differential wbc count for lyphocytes?
25-33%
What is the differential wbc count for monocytes?
3-8% or <10%
Which leukocytes are phagocytic?
All, but lymphocytes
Describe neutrophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)
Most numerous >50%
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) - multi-lobed nucleus
Granules take both acidic & basic dyes, giving the cytoplasm a pinkish color
First responders
Phagocytic
Describe eosinophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)
<5% Bilobed nuclei (mickey mouse ears) Red-staining acidophilic granules Digest parasitic worms, modulators of allergenic responses Phagocytic
Describe basophils (diff count, nucleus, granules, main job, if phagocytic)
<1% U or S shaped nucleus, usually hidden blue/purple granules often cover nucleus Histamine: inflammitory that vasodilates and attracts wbcs to inflamed sites. Heparin: anticoagulant Similar to mast cells Diapedesis Phagocytic
Describe lymphocytes (diff count, nucleus, main job, if phagocytic)
25-33%
large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of bluish cytoplasm
Crucial to immunity by locating and defending against antigens
Mostly found in lymphatic tissue, some in blood
Non phagocytic
Name the three types of lymphocytes
T cells- Cell mediation, type of immunity (t for talk, snitch), grow up in the thymus gland under the influence of thymosine
B cells- give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies through humoral immunity (assassins), born in and stay in the bone
N-K (natural killer cells)- act as named, mysterious as they are not induced by an antigen
Describe monocytes (diff count, nucleus, main job, if phagocytic)
<10 Largest leukocytes Dark purple-stained kidney-shaped nuclei Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm Leave circulation via diapedesis, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages Last responders
Name for the production of WBCs, stimulated by chemical messengers from bone marrow or mature WBCs (interleukins)
Leukopoiesis
Describe thrombocytes (making, diff count, formation, main job)
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
About 250k/mm3
Formed by thrombopoietin hormone from liver and kidney, made in bone marrow
Forms temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding is called?
Hemostasis
Name steps for hemostasis
- Vascular spasm- vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel, triggered by direct injury, chemicals, or pain reflexes
- platelet plug formation- positive feedback cycle. Platelets stick to collagen fibers with the help of plasma protein, release chemical messengers (serotonin) to enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation
- coagulation (blood clotting)- complex sed of reactions, blood transformed from liquid to a gel to reinforce platelet plug
Name the three phases of coagulation
- Platelet plug is formed.
- Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, through a series of events will converge to produce prothrombin activator.
- In the prothrombin activator, rothrombin (inactive) is converted into thrombin (active)
- Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen (inactive) to form fibrin (active), creating a cross-linked fibrin mesh
Describe thromboembolytic conditions
Thrombus- clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. May block circulation, leading to tissue death.
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream. Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen. Cerebral emboli can cause strokes.
What make up the formed elements of blood?
WBC’s – the only ‘complete’ cells in formed elements
RBC’s – function is to carry (O2/CO2 etc) have no nuclei or organelles
Platelets – cell fragments of megakaryocytes
RBCs aka
Erythrocytes
WBCs aka
Leukocytes
Platelets aka
Thrombocytes
Blood pH
7.35-7.45 - alkaline
Blood Temperature
98.6 F or 37 C
Blood body percentage of weight
About 8% of body weight
Blood volume
Females 4-5 L
Males 5-6 L
The hematocrit ratio:
What if RBC volume is higher than normal?
45% of blood. If higher, less plasma = dehydration
Function of blood 1
Transportation of o2/nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
Function of blood 2
Regulation of body temperature (bunny ears), pH using buffers, and circulatory fluid volume
Function of blood 3
Protection against blood loss (blood clotting), infection (antibodies, complement proteins, wbcs defend against invadors)
Blood plasma composition
92% water 1% misc., 7% proteins- 60% albumin (osmoregulator), 36% globulins (immunoglobulins), 4% fibrin*(ogens) clotting agent. * inactive precursor
Platelets formed from what?
megakaryocytes
RCC (red cell count)
4.2-6.2 million/mm3 (5 million/mm3)
% of hemoglobin (Hb) & water of RBC
33% Hb
65% water
Hemoglobin structure/Function
4 protein chains
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
Each chain has a heme
Each heme has a Fe atom that can bind to one O2 molecule. Each Hb can carry 4 O2.
Hemoglobin: O2 loading in the lungs produces…
oxyhemoglobin (Hb - O2)
Hemoglobin:O2 unloading in the tissues produces…
deoxyhemoglobin (Hb x Oz - naked hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin: Co2 loading in the tissue produces…
carbaminohemoglobin (Hb - Co2) (Carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)
Formation of any blood cell and location
Hemotopoiesis, red bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to elements, hormones, and growth factors push cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development
RED blood cell production name and location
Hormone
Too many RBC —->
Too few RBC—–>
Erythropoiesis, Marrow stem cells
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Too many = raise in blood viscosity
Too few = tissue hypoxia
Life span RBC and death
100-120 days
RBC become fragile (squeezing through capillaries)
Hb degrades
Macrophages enguld dying RBC in spleen
Fate and destruction of Erythrocytes
Heme and globin separated Fe salvaged/recycled Heme degraded to bilirubin Liver secretes biliruben in bile into the intestines Degraded biliruben leaves body in feces Globin is catabolized into amino acids
Transfusions (when, what kind of cells, what if incompatible)
Blood loss substantial
Packed red blood cells (plasma removed) to restore oxygen-carrying capacity
Fatal
Foreign antigens promote _____
Agglutination (clumping) and destruction of foreign RBCs
What is the name for the thin layer that separates the plasma from the formed elements if blood has been put through a centrifuge?
Buffy coat
Hormone that produces RBC
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that produces platelets
thrombopoietin (TPO)
Chemical messengers from bone marrow that stimulate production of WBCs
Interleukins
Name for the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
Hematocrit
What makes up the miscellaneous part of blood plasma?
Nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow in the epiphyses of bone
What sort of cells give rise to all formed elements?
Hematopoietic stem cells turn into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
What role do antigens play in determining if a transfusion is successful?
RBC membranes bear unique antigens
Mismatched antigens from transfused blood are perceived as foreign
Foreign antigens promote agglutination (clumping) and destruction of foreign RBCs
What are the ABO blood groups, and what basis is used for their classification?
Types A, B, AB, and O
Classification based on presence or absence of antigens A and B on the surface of the RBCs
Blood may contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies that act against antigens considered to be foreign
How many varieties of RBC antigens?
Humans have 30 varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens
Other blood groups (besides ABO)
MNS, Duffy, Kell, and Lewis are usually weak agglutinogens and so are not considered during transfusions
What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What causes it?
If an Rh- woman becomes pregnant with an Rh+ man then their child would be Rh+. The exposure to the Rh+ blood of her child (in the womb) would cause her to become sensitized and to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies.
She becomes sensitized with her 1st child, so the 1st child can be born
All other children will be rejected by the mother’s body when anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the RBCs of the next Rh+ baby.
How can you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
Baby can be treated with prebirth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth
RhoGAM serum containing anti-Rh can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized
What triggers vascular spasm?
Direct injury, chemicals, and pain reflexes
What sort of health problems can be caused by an embolus?
Pulmonary emboli: impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli: can cause strokes
Explain the structure of adult hemoglobin
Adult hemoglobin is made of four globin chains. Two of the globin chains are alpha chains, and two of them are beta chains. At the center of each chain is a heme. Each heme has one iron atom in its center.
How does fetal hemoglobin structure differ from adult hemoglobin structure?
Adult hemoglobin has 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta subunits. Fetal hemoglobin also has 2 alpha subunits, but instead of beta subunits, they have 2 gamma subunits.
Describe the lifespan of Erythrocytes (RBC)
RBC begin in red blood marrow as stem cells. The stem cells are then stimulated by (Erythropoietin) EPO to become erythrocytes. Erythrocytes become fragile from moving through small capillaries. They live about 100-120 days then they are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen and liver. The iron from the erythrocytes is recycled and the heme is turned into bilirubin which is secreted as waste in feces. The globin is broken down into amino acids.
Describe the mechanisms of aldosterone secretion (R-A-A Pathway)
The R-A-A Pathway is stimulated when the kidneys detect low blood pressure. This stimulates the kidneys to secrete the hormone renin into the blood. Once in the blood, renin encounters angiotensin which converts it into angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is a weak vasoconstrictor so it raises blood pressure slightly. Angiotensin 1 then travels to the lungs where it encounters angiotensin converting enzyme and is converted into angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 travels to the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex where it stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone regulates Na+/K+ levels and H2O retention which raises blood volume and blood pressure.
What could be one of the possible reasons for hematocrit to be elevated, and what effect could that have on your blood?
If hematocrit is elevated it could mean you are dehydrated. This would cause your blood to be more viscous which would raise your blood pressure
What is an effective way to get warm?
Wrap something around your kidney area
Where are plasma proteins made?
The liver
What is ischemia?
An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body. Can lead to hypoxia
