Endocrine (Handout) Flashcards
The internal supporting framework is composed of what kind of tissue?
A. Reticular
B. Muscular
A. Reticular
Secretions of the endocrine glands are called
Hormones
Glands of the endocrine system that are ectodermal in origin
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal medulla
Glands of the endocrine system that are mesodermal in origin
Adrenal cortex
Leydig cells of the testis
Theca interna cells of the ovary
Glands of the endocrine system that are endodermal in origin
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Islets of Langerhans
Parafollicular cells or C-cells
Pituitary gland is developed from what sources?
Rathke’s pouch
Infundibulum
Ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum
Rathke’s pouch
Gives rise to the adenohypophysis
Rathke’s pouch
The anterior wall of the adenohypophysis forms what structure/s?
Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
The posterior wall of the adenohypophysis forms what structure/s?
Pars intermedia
Downward extension of the diencephalon
Infundibulum
The infundibulum gives rise to the?
Neurohypophysis
The neurohypophysis gives rise to what structure/s?
Pars nervosa
Infundibular stem
Median eminence of tubercinereum
Pars nervosa is also known as
Infundibular process
The pituitary gland is also known as
Hypophysis cerebri
The pituitary gland lies below the brain in the cavity of the sphenoid bone known as
Sella turcica
Connects the hypophysis to the base of the base of the brain
Infundibulum stalk
The hypophysis is covered by a capsule of
A. Dense CT
B. Loose CT
A. Dense CT
What are the two divisions of the hypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Also known as the anterior pituitary
Adenohypophysis
What are the subdivisions of the anterior pituitary?
Para distalis
Pars intermedia
Para tuberalis
Largest subdivision of the adenohypophysis
Para distalis
What are the two cell types that can be found in pars distalis
Chromophils
Chromophobes
Type of cell in pars distalis that has the affinity to stains? What are the subtypes?
Chromophils
Subtypes: acidophils, basophils
Acidophils secrete A. Prolactin B. GH C. FSH D. Both a and b E. both b and c
D. Both a and b - prolactin and growth hormone
Basophils secrete?
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
Smallest and least numerous among the cells in the para distalis
Chromophobes
Chromophobes are referred to as __________ cells since some may differentiate into acidophils and basophils as need arises
Reserve cells
Found between the pars distalis and the infundibular process
Para intermedia
Characterized by the presence of follicles or cysts filled with colloid and lined by columnar epithelium
Para intermedia
Follicles or cysts filled with colloid that is lined by columnar epithelium found in para intermedia
Rathke’s cyst
Hormone of the para intermedia
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
In what layer of the adenohypophysis can you find polygonal basophilic cells
Para intermedia
Hormone that causes dispersion of melanin pigments in the melanoblast and increases skin pigmentation
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Most highly vascularized portion of the hypophysis
Para tuberalis
Portion of the hypophysis formed of longitudinal columns or cords of cells that descend towards the pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
What are the types of cells found in pars tuberalis
Undifferentiated cells
Small basophils and acidophils
What are the hormones secreted by pars tuberalis?
None
It is thru the _________________ that the releasing hormones from hypothalamus reach the secretory cells of the pars distalis
Hypophyseal portal curculation
Formed of venules that connect the capillaries in the median eminence with the capillary sinusoids in the pars distalis
Hypophyseal system
Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach the ___________ through nerve fibers
Para distalis
Blood supply of hypophysis
Superior hypophyseal arteries
Branches of internal carotid
Branches of Posterior Communicating artery
The neurohypophysis is formed of unmyelinated netve fibers of the _______________
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Cells with numerous processes and are considered as modified neuroglial cells
Pituicytes
Cells found in the neurohypophysis, part of the pars nervosa
Pituicytes
Neurosecretory materials secreted by the neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei and ate stored and released from the axolemma of the nerve fibers
Herring bodies
Small, spherical structures containing neurohormones stored in the pars nervosa or in the infundibular process
Herring bodies
What are the hormones that can be found in the infundibular process or para nervosa
Pitocin/ oxytocin
Pitressin/ ADH
Oxytocin is also known as
Pitocin
Hormone that stimulates uterine contraction
Pitocin or oxytocin
Oxytocin is secreted by what nuclei of the hypothalamus?
Paraventricular nuclei
What hormone is secreted by the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalmus
Oxytocin
What hormone is secreted by the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Pitressin or ADH
Hormone that increases water retention
ADH or pitressin
ADH is secreted by what nucleus of the hypothalamis
Supraoptic nuclei
Develops from the epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and copula
Thyroid gland
The space between the tuberculum impar and copula is later referred as
Foramen cecum
Narrow canal that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue
Thyroglossal duct
Cystic remnant of the thyroglossal duct is called
Thyroglossal cyst
Cystic remnant of the narrow canal that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue
Throyglossal cyst
5th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the
Ultimobranchial body
The ultimobranchial body gives rose to what cells
Parafollicular or C cells
Parafollicular or C cells secrete what hormone
Calcitonin
Connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
Structural unit of the thyroid gland
Follicles
-spherical cystlike
Follicles are lined by what kind of epithelium
Simple cuboidal
Epithelial cells surrounding the follicles vary in height in terms of activity. Hypoactive? Hyperactive?
Squamous when the gland is hypo active. Columnar when hyperactive
Cells in the thyroid glands between follicular cells and the basal lamina or between the thyroid follicles
Parafollicular cells
C cells produce what hormone
Calcitonin
Also known as the c cells
Parafollicular cells
Other names of the C cells
Light cells
Mitochondria-rich cells
Ultimobranchial cells
Cells of the thyroid gland responsible for regulation of metabolic rate
Follicular epithelial cells
Parathyroid gland develops from
Superior and inferior parathyroid
Dorsal wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouches
Superior parathyroid
Dorsal wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouches
Inferior parathyroid
Small, yellow brown oval bodies adhering to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
What separates the parathyroid to the thyroid gland
Connective tissue capsule
The parenchyma of parathyroid gland is composed of what cells
Principal/chief cells
Oxyphil cells
Cell of the parathyroid gland that only appears at the end of the first decade of life until puberty
Oxyphil cells
Cell of the parathyroid gland with basophilic cytoplasm
Principal/chief cells
Cell of parathyroid gland with acidophilic cytoplasm
Oxyphil cells
Gland that regulates calcium concentration by stimulating resorption of bone and reabsorption of calcium
Parathyroid gland
PTH is secreted by what cell of the parathyroid gland
Principal cell
PTH secretion will _______ blood calcium levels
A. Increase
B. Decrease
A. Increase
In what week of development will the adrenal cortex start to form
5th week of development
About the 5th week of development, MESOTHELIAL cells proliferate and later differentiate to form what?
Primitive or fetal cortex of the adrenal gland
Part of the adrenal gland that comes from neural crest cells
Adrenal medulla
Cells of the adrenal medulla stains __________ with chrome salts
Yellowish brown
Cells of the adrenal medulla that stains with chrome salts are called
Chromaffin cells
Adrenal glands has a thick capsule of connective tissue that extends into the cortex as __________
Trabeculae
2 functional parts of the adrenal glands
Cortex
Medulla
Principal secretory cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from
Neural crest cells
Secretory cells of the adrenal cortex are derived from
Mesodermal cells in nephrogenic ridge
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
A narrow zone of the adrenal cortex in which cords of columnar cells are in OVOID GROUPS
Glomerulosa
Zone of the adrenal cortex that has no central cavity within a cell group but there is a rich network of blood vessels externally
Glomerulosa
Zona glomerulosa produces what hormone
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a
A. Glucocorticoid
B. mineralcorticoid
B. mineralocorticoid
Hormone that causes water and sodium retention in exchange for potassium in the kidney
Aldosterone
Middle and broadest zone of the adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
Zone of the adrenal cortex composed of cell cords coursing PARALLEL to one another in RADIAL DIRECTION toward the medulla
Zona fasciculata
Secretory cells of this zone of the adrenal cortex is cuboidal or polyhedral and sometimes binucleated
Fasciculata
Zone of the adrenal cortex in which the network of cell cords are smaller, have darker nuclei, fewer lipid droplets and has numerous lipofuschin granules
Zona retucularis
What are the two major products of zona reticularis
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Dehydroepiandrosterone (androgen)
What is the most important glucocorticoid that has a protein wasting effect and promotes gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
In what part of the adrenal gland can you see the secretory cells as anastomosing groups associated with blood vessels
Adrenal medulla
Cytoplasmic granules of the adrenal medulla will become brown when oxidized by POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. This chromaffin reaction is due to the presence of ____________.
Catecholamines - epi and norepi
Catecholamine that increases the heart rate and cardiac output without significantly increasing the BP and other metabolic effects
Epinephrine
Catecholamine that is considered as the principal transmitter substance of adrenergic neurons
Norepinephrine - found in brain and peripheral tissues
Gland that develops from the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon
Pineal gland
The pineal gland appears at what week of development
7th week of development
Appears as an epithelial thickening on the midline by the 7th week of development then invaginates as a solid organ located at the roof of the mesothelium
Pineal gland
Also known as epiphysis cerebri
Pineal gland
Pineal gland is also known as
Epiphysis cerebri
A slightly flattened cone shape appendage of the brain, attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Pineal gland
Attaches the pineal gland to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Peduncle
Cells of the pineal gland that is pale staining epitheloid cells with round or oval granular nuclei and prominent nucleoli
Pinealocytes
Cells of the pineal gland which occur in the perivascular areas
Interstitial cells
Cells of the pineal gland with darker and smaller nuclei and are less numerous
Interstitial cells
Cells of the pineal gland that provide supporting network to the cells
Interstitial cells
Mulberry shaped concretions largely of hydroxyapatite, which makes the radiological landmark of the pinealgland
Brain sand or
Corpora arenacea or
Psammoma’s bodies
When does the pineal gland reaches its maximal development
Middle of the first decade then regresses later in life
Gland that controls the onset of puberty
Pineal gland
The pineal gland has high levels of serotonin and melatonin secreted by what cells?
Pinealocytes
What are the two substances abundant in the pineal gland that are secreted by the pinealocytea
Serotonin and melatonin
The endocrine function of the Pancreas is performed by?
Islets of langerhans
Highly vascularized aggregation of secreting cells scattered all throughout the pancreas that is responsible for its endocrine function
Islets of Langerhans
The islets of langerhans are numerous but composed of how many percent of the gland?
2 percent
In what month of development does the islet of langerhans form?
3rd month of development
Develops from the parenchymatous pancreatic tissue during the 3rd month of development
Islets of Langerhans
Insulin secretion of the islets of langerhans begins when?
5th month of deveopment
The islets of langerhans are kore abundant in what portion of the pancreas
Tail of the pancreas
Principal cells of the Islets of Langerhans and their secretion
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
Predominant cell type in the islets of langerhans, 60 - 90% of its mss
Beta cells
Least abundant cell type that occurs anywhere in the islet of langerhans
Delta cells
Cells that can be found at the periphery of the islet of langerhans
Alpha cells
When sugar falls below optimal level, ______ cells are stimulated to secrete ________ , which raises blood sugar
Alpha cells, Glucagon
When glucose levels rise too high, the ______ cells are stimulated to release ___________
Bet cells, insulin
______ produced by _______ is capable of suppressing the secretion of insulin and glucagon
Delta cells, somatostatin
Thick fibrous capsule enclosing the testis
Tunica albuginea
Thin fibrous septa that extend radially dividing the testes into compartments
Lobuli testis
Testis: develops from the mesenchyme between the seminiferous tubules, abundant during 4-6th months of development
Leydig cells of testis
Leydig cells of testis are abundant when
4-6th months of development
Endocrine component of the testis
Leydig cells
Leydig cells ate found where
Interstitial spaces between semineferous tubules
Proteinaceous crystals found in the testis that is peculiar to human
Reinke’s crystals
Leydig cells synthesize?
Testosterone
Slightly ovoid, flattened paired organs suspended on either side of the uterus
Ovaries
Two zones of the ovaries
Central deeper zone - medulla
Broad outer zone - cortex
As ovarian follicles increase in size, the theca folliculi differentiates into a highly vascular inner layer of secretory cells called? And outer layer composed mainly of connective tissue called?
Theca interna - internal layer
Theca externa - outer layer
What specific layer of the ovarian follicle secretes estrogen
Theca interna
What is the outer layer of the ovaries that is composed mainly of connective tissue?
Theca externa
The outer layer of the ovaries is composed mainly of what kind of tissue?
Connective tissue
Following _________, the follicular wall of the ovaries collapses and it’s granulosa cell lining is thrown into folds.
Ovulation
Following ovulation, the _____________ of the ovaries collapses and it’s granulosa cell lining is thrown into folds.
Follicular wall
Following ovulation, the follicular wall of the ovaries collapses and it’s _______________ is thrown into folds.
Granulosa cell lining
Following ovulation, there is extravasation of blood from the capillaries of the theca interna that will result to __________?
Central clot
Following ovulation, there is extravasation of blood from the capillaries of what layer of the ovaries? This will further result to a central clot.
Theca interna
The theca interna and granulosa cells enlarge and acculumate lipid and are transformed into plump, pale staining, polygonal cells known as?
Lutein cells
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells that is formed from the enlargement of the theca interna and granulosa cells and accumulation of lipid.
Lutein cells
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells are formed from the enlargement of the what cells?
Theca interna and granulosa cells
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells that is formed from the accumulation?
Lipid
Enlargement of the the a interna and granulosa cells will form a structure known as the?
Corpus luteum
The theca interna cells of the ovary is developed from the _________________ from the proliferation of cells in the stroma ovaii
Secondary cortical cords
Two kinda of lutein cells
Theca lutein cells
Granulosa lutein cells
Lutein cells that are peripheral, smaller and darker stained,
Theca lutein cells
Lutein cells that secrete estrogen
Theca lutein cells
Theca lutein cells secretes what?
Estrogen
Kind of lutein cells that is larger than the other and secretes progesterone
Granulosa lutein cells
Granulosa lutein cells secretes what?
Progesterone
Other organs that have endocrine functions
Placenta Fat Kidney Heart Thymus
Placenta:
The _________ of the chorionic villi secretes HCG
Synctiotrophoblast
Placenta:
The synctiotrophoblast of the chorionic villi secretes ______
HCG
A special type of connective tissue wherein fat cells predominate
Adipose tissue
Cells that have “signet-ring” appearance
Adipose cells
What are the principal functions of adipose tissue?
SIM
Storage of fat
Insulation
Mechanical support
What are the types of adipose tissue?
Yellow/white adipose
Brown adipose
Common type of adipose tissue that comprises the bulk of the body’s fat
Yellow
Adult or mature form of adipose tissue
Yellow
Morphology of the yellow adipose tissue?
Unilocular
Type of adipose found in subcutaneous tissue of the skin, omentum, mesenteries and retroperitoneal fat
Yellow
Known as the fetal fat
Brown adipose
Immature form of adipose tissue
Brown adipose
Type of adipose that is multilocular in morphology
Brown adipose
Brown adipose: morphology?
Multilocular
Type of adipose that is unilocular
Yellow
Type of adipose found in the interscapular and inguinal regions of the newborn
Brown adipose
Kidney:
On one side of the wall of the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole becomes transformed into smooth muscle cells called?
JG cell
Secreted by JG cells which activates angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Renin
A potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure
Angiotensin II
Cells of the kidney that are also known as polar cushion or polkissens cells
Lacis cells or extraglomerular mesangial cells
Cells that are formed at one angle between the afferent and efferent arteriole at the vascular pole
Lacis cells
May produce erythropoietin
Lacis cells
A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
Organ located posterior to the sternum
Thymus
Hormone produced by the thymus?
Thymosin
Hormone that enables some types of white blood cells to mature and is important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
Condition?
Hyposecretion of GH by the adenohypophysis
Pituitary dwarfism
Condition?
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Gigantism
Condition?
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
Condition?
Hyposecretion of ADH caused by damage to the neurohypophysis or the supraoptic nucleus
DI
Condition?
Leads to an elevation of blood sugar and excretion of glucose in the urine
DM
Condition?
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during the growth years. Two manifestations are dwarfism and mental retardation.
Cretinism
Condition?
Hypothyroidism during adulthood. Hallmark of this disorder is an edema that causes the facial tissue to swell and look puffy.
Myxedema
Condition?
Hyperthyroidism during adult life that gives rise to exopthalmic goiter
Grave’s disease
Condition?
Muscle twitches or spasm and convulsions as a result of hypopatathyroidism (deficiency on calcium?
Tetany
Condition?
Hypoparathyroidism that causes demineralization of bone
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Condition?
Hypersecretion of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, characterized by a decrease in the body’s potassium concentration
Aldosteronism
Condition?
Primary adrenal insufficiency that results in hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
Addison’s disease
Condition?
Clinical manifestations include lethargy, weight loss, and hypoglycemia, which leads to muscular weakness
Addison’s disease
Condition?
Hyper secretion of glucocorticoids especially cortisone and cortisol
Cushing’s syndrome
Condition?
Clinical manifestation includes moon face, buffalo hump and the back and pendulous abdomen
Cushing’s syndrome
Condition?
Tumor of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla that causes hypersecretion of the medullary hormones
Pheochromocytoma
Second messenger system of the body
Endocrine system
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by?
Negative feedback
Hormonal secretions are poured directly to the blood through the capillaries. The glands are ________
A. With ducts
B. Ductless
B. Ductless
