Endocrine (Handout) Flashcards
(216 cards)
0
Q
The internal supporting framework is composed of what kind of tissue?
A. Reticular
B. Muscular
A
A. Reticular
1
Q
Secretions of the endocrine glands are called
A
Hormones
2
Q
Glands of the endocrine system that are ectodermal in origin
A
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal medulla
3
Q
Glands of the endocrine system that are mesodermal in origin
A
Adrenal cortex
Leydig cells of the testis
Theca interna cells of the ovary
4
Q
Glands of the endocrine system that are endodermal in origin
A
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Islets of Langerhans
Parafollicular cells or C-cells
5
Q
Pituitary gland is developed from what sources?
A
Rathke’s pouch
Infundibulum
6
Q
Ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum
A
Rathke’s pouch
7
Q
Gives rise to the adenohypophysis
A
Rathke’s pouch
8
Q
The anterior wall of the adenohypophysis forms what structure/s?
A
Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
9
Q
The posterior wall of the adenohypophysis forms what structure/s?
A
Pars intermedia
10
Q
Downward extension of the diencephalon
A
Infundibulum
11
Q
The infundibulum gives rise to the?
A
Neurohypophysis
12
Q
The neurohypophysis gives rise to what structure/s?
A
Pars nervosa
Infundibular stem
Median eminence of tubercinereum
13
Q
Pars nervosa is also known as
A
Infundibular process
14
Q
The pituitary gland is also known as
A
Hypophysis cerebri
15
Q
The pituitary gland lies below the brain in the cavity of the sphenoid bone known as
A
Sella turcica
16
Q
Connects the hypophysis to the base of the base of the brain
A
Infundibulum stalk
17
Q
The hypophysis is covered by a capsule of
A. Dense CT
B. Loose CT
A
A. Dense CT
18
Q
What are the two divisions of the hypophysis
A
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
19
Q
Also known as the anterior pituitary
A
Adenohypophysis
20
Q
What are the subdivisions of the anterior pituitary?
A
Para distalis
Pars intermedia
Para tuberalis
21
Q
Largest subdivision of the adenohypophysis
A
Para distalis
22
Q
What are the two cell types that can be found in pars distalis
A
Chromophils
Chromophobes
23
Q
Type of cell in pars distalis that has the affinity to stains? What are the subtypes?
A
Chromophils
Subtypes: acidophils, basophils
24
```
Acidophils secrete
A. Prolactin
B. GH
C. FSH
D. Both a and b
E. both b and c
```
D. Both a and b - prolactin and growth hormone
25
Basophils secrete?
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
26
Smallest and least numerous among the cells in the para distalis
Chromophobes
27
Chromophobes are referred to as __________ cells since some may differentiate into acidophils and basophils as need arises
Reserve cells
28
Found between the pars distalis and the infundibular process
Para intermedia
29
Characterized by the presence of follicles or cysts filled with colloid and lined by columnar epithelium
Para intermedia
30
Follicles or cysts filled with colloid that is lined by columnar epithelium found in para intermedia
Rathke's cyst
31
Hormone of the para intermedia
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
32
In what layer of the adenohypophysis can you find polygonal basophilic cells
Para intermedia
33
Hormone that causes dispersion of melanin pigments in the melanoblast and increases skin pigmentation
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
34
Most highly vascularized portion of the hypophysis
Para tuberalis
35
Portion of the hypophysis formed of longitudinal columns or cords of cells that descend towards the pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
36
What are the types of cells found in pars tuberalis
Undifferentiated cells
| Small basophils and acidophils
37
What are the hormones secreted by pars tuberalis?
None
38
It is thru the _________________ that the releasing hormones from hypothalamus reach the secretory cells of the pars distalis
Hypophyseal portal curculation
39
Formed of venules that connect the capillaries in the median eminence with the capillary sinusoids in the pars distalis
Hypophyseal system
40
Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach the ___________ through nerve fibers
Para distalis
41
Blood supply of hypophysis
Superior hypophyseal arteries
Branches of internal carotid
Branches of Posterior Communicating artery
42
The neurohypophysis is formed of unmyelinated netve fibers of the _______________
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
43
Cells with numerous processes and are considered as modified neuroglial cells
Pituicytes
44
Cells found in the neurohypophysis, part of the pars nervosa
Pituicytes
45
Neurosecretory materials secreted by the neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei and ate stored and released from the axolemma of the nerve fibers
Herring bodies
46
Small, spherical structures containing neurohormones stored in the pars nervosa or in the infundibular process
Herring bodies
47
What are the hormones that can be found in the infundibular process or para nervosa
Pitocin/ oxytocin
| Pitressin/ ADH
48
Oxytocin is also known as
Pitocin
49
Hormone that stimulates uterine contraction
Pitocin or oxytocin
50
Oxytocin is secreted by what nuclei of the hypothalamus?
Paraventricular nuclei
51
What hormone is secreted by the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalmus
Oxytocin
52
What hormone is secreted by the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Pitressin or ADH
53
Hormone that increases water retention
ADH or pitressin
54
ADH is secreted by what nucleus of the hypothalamis
Supraoptic nuclei
55
Develops from the epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and copula
Thyroid gland
56
The space between the tuberculum impar and copula is later referred as
Foramen cecum
57
Narrow canal that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue
Thyroglossal duct
58
Cystic remnant of the thyroglossal duct is called
Thyroglossal cyst
59
Cystic remnant of the narrow canal that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue
Throyglossal cyst
60
5th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the
Ultimobranchial body
61
The ultimobranchial body gives rose to what cells
Parafollicular or C cells
62
Parafollicular or C cells secrete what hormone
Calcitonin
63
Connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
64
Structural unit of the thyroid gland
Follicles
| -spherical cystlike
65
Follicles are lined by what kind of epithelium
Simple cuboidal
66
Epithelial cells surrounding the follicles vary in height in terms of activity. Hypoactive? Hyperactive?
Squamous when the gland is hypo active. Columnar when hyperactive
67
Cells in the thyroid glands between follicular cells and the basal lamina or between the thyroid follicles
Parafollicular cells
68
C cells produce what hormone
Calcitonin
69
Also known as the c cells
Parafollicular cells
70
Other names of the C cells
Light cells
Mitochondria-rich cells
Ultimobranchial cells
71
Cells of the thyroid gland responsible for regulation of metabolic rate
Follicular epithelial cells
72
Parathyroid gland develops from
Superior and inferior parathyroid
73
Dorsal wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouches
Superior parathyroid
74
Dorsal wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouches
Inferior parathyroid
75
Small, yellow brown oval bodies adhering to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
76
What separates the parathyroid to the thyroid gland
Connective tissue capsule
77
The parenchyma of parathyroid gland is composed of what cells
Principal/chief cells
| Oxyphil cells
78
Cell of the parathyroid gland that only appears at the end of the first decade of life until puberty
Oxyphil cells
79
Cell of the parathyroid gland with basophilic cytoplasm
Principal/chief cells
80
Cell of parathyroid gland with acidophilic cytoplasm
Oxyphil cells
81
Gland that regulates calcium concentration by stimulating resorption of bone and reabsorption of calcium
Parathyroid gland
82
PTH is secreted by what cell of the parathyroid gland
Principal cell
83
PTH secretion will _______ blood calcium levels
A. Increase
B. Decrease
A. Increase
84
In what week of development will the adrenal cortex start to form
5th week of development
85
About the 5th week of development, MESOTHELIAL cells proliferate and later differentiate to form what?
Primitive or fetal cortex of the adrenal gland
86
Part of the adrenal gland that comes from neural crest cells
Adrenal medulla
87
Cells of the adrenal medulla stains __________ with chrome salts
Yellowish brown
88
Cells of the adrenal medulla that stains with chrome salts are called
Chromaffin cells
89
Adrenal glands has a thick capsule of connective tissue that extends into the cortex as __________
Trabeculae
90
2 functional parts of the adrenal glands
Cortex
| Medulla
91
Principal secretory cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from
Neural crest cells
92
Secretory cells of the adrenal cortex are derived from
Mesodermal cells in nephrogenic ridge
93
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
94
A narrow zone of the adrenal cortex in which cords of columnar cells are in OVOID GROUPS
Glomerulosa
95
Zone of the adrenal cortex that has no central cavity within a cell group but there is a rich network of blood vessels externally
Glomerulosa
96
Zona glomerulosa produces what hormone
Aldosterone
97
Aldosterone is a
A. Glucocorticoid
B. mineralcorticoid
B. mineralocorticoid
98
Hormone that causes water and sodium retention in exchange for potassium in the kidney
Aldosterone
99
Middle and broadest zone of the adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
100
Zone of the adrenal cortex composed of cell cords coursing PARALLEL to one another in RADIAL DIRECTION toward the medulla
Zona fasciculata
101
Secretory cells of this zone of the adrenal cortex is cuboidal or polyhedral and sometimes binucleated
Fasciculata
102
Zone of the adrenal cortex in which the network of cell cords are smaller, have darker nuclei, fewer lipid droplets and has numerous lipofuschin granules
Zona retucularis
103
What are the two major products of zona reticularis
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (androgen)
104
What is the most important glucocorticoid that has a protein wasting effect and promotes gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
105
In what part of the adrenal gland can you see the secretory cells as anastomosing groups associated with blood vessels
Adrenal medulla
106
Cytoplasmic granules of the adrenal medulla will become brown when oxidized by POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. This chromaffin reaction is due to the presence of ____________.
Catecholamines - epi and norepi
107
Catecholamine that increases the heart rate and cardiac output without significantly increasing the BP and other metabolic effects
Epinephrine
108
Catecholamine that is considered as the principal transmitter substance of adrenergic neurons
Norepinephrine - found in brain and peripheral tissues
109
Gland that develops from the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon
Pineal gland
110
The pineal gland appears at what week of development
7th week of development
111
Appears as an epithelial thickening on the midline by the 7th week of development then invaginates as a solid organ located at the roof of the mesothelium
Pineal gland
112
Also known as epiphysis cerebri
Pineal gland
113
Pineal gland is also known as
Epiphysis cerebri
114
A slightly flattened cone shape appendage of the brain, attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Pineal gland
115
Attaches the pineal gland to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Peduncle
116
Cells of the pineal gland that is pale staining epitheloid cells with round or oval granular nuclei and prominent nucleoli
Pinealocytes
117
Cells of the pineal gland which occur in the perivascular areas
Interstitial cells
118
Cells of the pineal gland with darker and smaller nuclei and are less numerous
Interstitial cells
119
Cells of the pineal gland that provide supporting network to the cells
Interstitial cells
120
Mulberry shaped concretions largely of hydroxyapatite, which makes the radiological landmark of the pinealgland
Brain sand or
Corpora arenacea or
Psammoma's bodies
121
When does the pineal gland reaches its maximal development
Middle of the first decade then regresses later in life
122
Gland that controls the onset of puberty
Pineal gland
123
The pineal gland has high levels of serotonin and melatonin secreted by what cells?
Pinealocytes
124
What are the two substances abundant in the pineal gland that are secreted by the pinealocytea
Serotonin and melatonin
125
The endocrine function of the Pancreas is performed by?
Islets of langerhans
126
Highly vascularized aggregation of secreting cells scattered all throughout the pancreas that is responsible for its endocrine function
Islets of Langerhans
127
The islets of langerhans are numerous but composed of how many percent of the gland?
2 percent
128
In what month of development does the islet of langerhans form?
3rd month of development
129
Develops from the parenchymatous pancreatic tissue during the 3rd month of development
Islets of Langerhans
130
Insulin secretion of the islets of langerhans begins when?
5th month of deveopment
131
The islets of langerhans are kore abundant in what portion of the pancreas
Tail of the pancreas
132
Principal cells of the Islets of Langerhans and their secretion
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
133
Predominant cell type in the islets of langerhans, 60 - 90% of its mss
Beta cells
134
Least abundant cell type that occurs anywhere in the islet of langerhans
Delta cells
135
Cells that can be found at the periphery of the islet of langerhans
Alpha cells
136
When sugar falls below optimal level, ______ cells are stimulated to secrete ________ , which raises blood sugar
Alpha cells, Glucagon
137
When glucose levels rise too high, the ______ cells are stimulated to release ___________
Bet cells, insulin
138
______ produced by _______ is capable of suppressing the secretion of insulin and glucagon
Delta cells, somatostatin
139
Thick fibrous capsule enclosing the testis
Tunica albuginea
140
Thin fibrous septa that extend radially dividing the testes into compartments
Lobuli testis
141
Testis: develops from the mesenchyme between the seminiferous tubules, abundant during 4-6th months of development
Leydig cells of testis
142
Leydig cells of testis are abundant when
4-6th months of development
143
Endocrine component of the testis
Leydig cells
144
Leydig cells ate found where
Interstitial spaces between semineferous tubules
145
Proteinaceous crystals found in the testis that is peculiar to human
Reinke's crystals
146
Leydig cells synthesize?
Testosterone
147
Slightly ovoid, flattened paired organs suspended on either side of the uterus
Ovaries
148
Two zones of the ovaries
Central deeper zone - medulla
| Broad outer zone - cortex
149
As ovarian follicles increase in size, the theca folliculi differentiates into a highly vascular inner layer of secretory cells called? And outer layer composed mainly of connective tissue called?
Theca interna - internal layer
| Theca externa - outer layer
150
What specific layer of the ovarian follicle secretes estrogen
Theca interna
151
What is the outer layer of the ovaries that is composed mainly of connective tissue?
Theca externa
152
The outer layer of the ovaries is composed mainly of what kind of tissue?
Connective tissue
153
Following _________, the follicular wall of the ovaries collapses and it's granulosa cell lining is thrown into folds.
Ovulation
154
Following ovulation, the _____________ of the ovaries collapses and it's granulosa cell lining is thrown into folds.
Follicular wall
155
Following ovulation, the follicular wall of the ovaries collapses and it's _______________ is thrown into folds.
Granulosa cell lining
156
Following ovulation, there is extravasation of blood from the capillaries of the theca interna that will result to __________?
Central clot
157
Following ovulation, there is extravasation of blood from the capillaries of what layer of the ovaries? This will further result to a central clot.
Theca interna
158
The theca interna and granulosa cells enlarge and acculumate lipid and are transformed into plump, pale staining, polygonal cells known as?
Lutein cells
159
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells that is formed from the enlargement of the theca interna and granulosa cells and accumulation of lipid.
Lutein cells
160
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells are formed from the enlargement of the what cells?
Theca interna and granulosa cells
161
Plump, pale-staining, polygonal cells that is formed from the accumulation?
Lipid
162
Enlargement of the the a interna and granulosa cells will form a structure known as the?
Corpus luteum
163
The theca interna cells of the ovary is developed from the _________________ from the proliferation of cells in the stroma ovaii
Secondary cortical cords
164
Two kinda of lutein cells
Theca lutein cells
| Granulosa lutein cells
165
Lutein cells that are peripheral, smaller and darker stained,
Theca lutein cells
166
Lutein cells that secrete estrogen
Theca lutein cells
167
Theca lutein cells secretes what?
Estrogen
168
Kind of lutein cells that is larger than the other and secretes progesterone
Granulosa lutein cells
169
Granulosa lutein cells secretes what?
Progesterone
170
Other organs that have endocrine functions
```
Placenta
Fat
Kidney
Heart
Thymus
```
171
Placenta:
The _________ of the chorionic villi secretes HCG
Synctiotrophoblast
172
Placenta:
The synctiotrophoblast of the chorionic villi secretes ______
HCG
173
A special type of connective tissue wherein fat cells predominate
Adipose tissue
174
Cells that have "signet-ring" appearance
Adipose cells
175
What are the principal functions of adipose tissue?
SIM
Storage of fat
Insulation
Mechanical support
176
What are the types of adipose tissue?
Yellow/white adipose
| Brown adipose
177
Common type of adipose tissue that comprises the bulk of the body's fat
Yellow
178
Adult or mature form of adipose tissue
Yellow
179
Morphology of the yellow adipose tissue?
Unilocular
180
Type of adipose found in subcutaneous tissue of the skin, omentum, mesenteries and retroperitoneal fat
Yellow
181
Known as the fetal fat
Brown adipose
182
Immature form of adipose tissue
Brown adipose
183
Type of adipose that is multilocular in morphology
Brown adipose
184
Brown adipose: morphology?
Multilocular
185
Type of adipose that is unilocular
Yellow
186
Type of adipose found in the interscapular and inguinal regions of the newborn
Brown adipose
187
Kidney:
On one side of the wall of the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole becomes transformed into smooth muscle cells called?
JG cell
188
Secreted by JG cells which activates angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Renin
189
A potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure
Angiotensin II
190
Cells of the kidney that are also known as polar cushion or polkissens cells
Lacis cells or extraglomerular mesangial cells
191
Cells that are formed at one angle between the afferent and efferent arteriole at the vascular pole
Lacis cells
192
May produce erythropoietin
Lacis cells
193
A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
194
Organ located posterior to the sternum
Thymus
195
Hormone produced by the thymus?
Thymosin
196
Hormone that enables some types of white blood cells to mature and is important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
197
Condition?
Hyposecretion of GH by the adenohypophysis
Pituitary dwarfism
198
Condition?
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Gigantism
199
Condition?
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
200
Condition?
Hyposecretion of ADH caused by damage to the neurohypophysis or the supraoptic nucleus
DI
201
Condition?
Leads to an elevation of blood sugar and excretion of glucose in the urine
DM
202
Condition?
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during the growth years. Two manifestations are dwarfism and mental retardation.
Cretinism
203
Condition?
Hypothyroidism during adulthood. Hallmark of this disorder is an edema that causes the facial tissue to swell and look puffy.
Myxedema
204
Condition?
Hyperthyroidism during adult life that gives rise to exopthalmic goiter
Grave's disease
205
Condition?
Muscle twitches or spasm and convulsions as a result of hypopatathyroidism (deficiency on calcium?
Tetany
206
Condition?
Hypoparathyroidism that causes demineralization of bone
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
207
Condition?
Hypersecretion of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, characterized by a decrease in the body's potassium concentration
Aldosteronism
208
Condition?
Primary adrenal insufficiency that results in hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
Addison's disease
209
Condition?
Clinical manifestations include lethargy, weight loss, and hypoglycemia, which leads to muscular weakness
Addison's disease
210
Condition?
Hyper secretion of glucocorticoids especially cortisone and cortisol
Cushing's syndrome
211
Condition?
Clinical manifestation includes moon face, buffalo hump and the back and pendulous abdomen
Cushing's syndrome
212
Condition?
Tumor of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla that causes hypersecretion of the medullary hormones
Pheochromocytoma
213
Second messenger system of the body
Endocrine system
214
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by?
Negative feedback
215
Hormonal secretions are poured directly to the blood through the capillaries. The glands are ________
A. With ducts
B. Ductless
B. Ductless
