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BMA > Endocrine glands LO1-2 > Flashcards

Endocrine glands LO1-2 Flashcards

Endocrine system

1
Q

Hormonal stimulus

A

one hormone stimulates the secretion of another

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2
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

changes in ion or nutrient blood levels, e.g. glucose, Ca2+, Na+, K+.

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3
Q

Neural stimulus

A

signals from the nervous system

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4
Q

Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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5
Q

ADH

A

Produced: Hypothalamus
Secretes: posterior pituitary
Stimulus: Na+ levels above the normal range
Target: kidneys
Actions: decreases urine output by stimulating the kidneys to return more water to the blood

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced: Hypothalamus
Secretes: posterior pituitary
Stimulus: uterus during labour, breastfeeding
Target: Uterus, Mammary glands
Actions: uterus to stimulate smooth muscle contractions during labour, ejection of milk during labour

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7
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary

A

FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, GH

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8
Q

FSH

A

Stimulus: GnRH stimulates FSH
Target: male and female gonads
Actions: Developments of egg, oestrogen, sperm production

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9
Q

LH

A

Stimulus: GnRH stimulates
Target: male and female gonads
Actions: ovulation, progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone

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10
Q

PRL

A

Stimulus: GnRH stimulates
Target: mammary glands
Actions: production of milk

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11
Q

ACTH

A

Stimulus: CRH stimulates
Target: adrenal cortex (outer part)
Actions: adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

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12
Q

TSH

A

Stimulus: TRH stimulates
Target: thyroid gland
Actions: thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormones

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13
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulus: GH-RH stimulates
Target: liver skeletal muscles, bones
Actions: growth of body tissue, skeletal muscle, bone etc

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14
Q

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

A

TH, Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone

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15
Q

TH

A

Stimulus: TSH stimulates
Target: every cell
Actions: increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) - energy, increase metabolism, HR, promote growth of muscles and NS development

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16
Q

Calcitonin

A

Stimulus: Blood Ca2+ levels increase above normal
Target: bone
Actions: stimulate calcium uptake by blood - decrease Ca2 levels

17
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Stimulus: Blood Ca2+ levels decrease below normal
Target: bone, kidneys, small intestine
Actions: increase Ca2 levels - kidneys to reutn more Ca2 to the blood

18
Q

The kidneys

A

EPO

19
Q

EPO

A

Stimulus: blood oxygen levels drop
Target: bone marrow
Actions: production of red blood cells

20
Q

The Adrenal Glands

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, adrenaline/ Noradrenaline

21
Q

Cortisol

A

Stimulus: ACTH
Target: Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Actions: helps body resist stressors by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid

22
Q

Aldosterone

A

Stimulus: increase in K+ levels
Target: Kidneys
Actions: maintain levels in blood - kidneys to remove K+ from blood

23
Q

Adrenaline/
Noradrenaline

A

Stimulus: FFF
Target: Heart, bronchiole, sweat gland, pupils, BV, digestive organs
Actions: sympathetic functions

24
Q

The Pancreas

A

Insulin, Glucagon

25
Q

Insulin

A

Produced: pancreatic beta cells
Stimulus: blood glucose levels increase
Target: liver and skeletal muscle, acts on all body cells
Actions: body cells to uptake glucose from the blood, liver inhibit production of glucose, skeletal muscles inhibit breakdown of glycogen

26
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted - pancreatic alpha cells
Stimulus: blood glucose levels decrease
Target: liver
Actions: breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose, produce glucose from amino acids and glycerol, release glucose into blood

27
Q

Ovaries and Testes

A

Oestrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

28
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced: overaries
Stimulus: FSH & LH.
Target: female reproductive organs: vagina, uterus and uterine tubes
Actions: menstral cycle, breast growth, bone growth, increase fat storage

29
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced: overaries Stimulus: LH
Target: Uterus
Actions: prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps maintain the pregnancy, with oestrogen regulates menstrual cycle

30
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced: testes
Stimulus: LH
Target: male reproductive organs - ducts, glands, penis, scrotum and testes
Actions: sperm production, muscles to increase muscle mass and strength, growth of body hair

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