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Histology 2 > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Maintain body homeostasis
  2. Help the body to react to stress in concert with the nervous system
  3. Regulate growth and development
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2
Q

How does the endocrine system complete its functions

A

Through the synthesis and secretion of hormones (chemical messengers)

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3
Q

What are the 4 main types of hormone

A
  1. Protein and glycoprotein
  2. Small peptide
  3. Derivatives of amino acids
  4. Derivatives from cholesterol
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4
Q

What is the origin of most endocrine tissue

A

Epithelial origin

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5
Q

Name some of the major endocrine glands

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Thyroid gland
  5. Parathyroid glands
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal gland
  8. Pancreas
  9. Gonads (testis and ovaries)
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6
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A
  1. Major endocrine organs (thyroid gland)
  2. Organs with partial endocrine function (pancreas)
  3. Diffuse organ system: scattered cells within organs that fulfill an endocrine function (enteroendocrine cells of the gut)
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7
Q

Why is the pituitary gland named the ‘master gland’

A

Its hormones regulate the activity of many other endocrine glands

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

It sits in sella turica of the sphenoid bone, just below the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Describe the composition of the pituitary gland

A

Composed of two lobes:

  1. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
  2. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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10
Q

What does the neurohypophysis develop from, and what does it stay connected to

A

Downward growth of the hypothalamus and stays attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk

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11
Q

What does the adenohypophysis develop from

A

Upward pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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12
Q

Name the hormones that are secreted from the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Antiruietic hormone (ADH)

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13
Q

Name the hormones that are secreted from the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. LH and FSH
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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14
Q

What controls the hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, and how does it reach it

A

The hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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15
Q

Name the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary and the hormones they produce

A
  1. Somatotrophs (GH)
  2. Thyrotrophs (TSH)
  3. Corticotrophs (ACTH)
  4. Lactotrophs (prolactin)
  5. Gonadotrophs (LH and FSH)
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16
Q

Name the 3 secretory cells of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chromophobes

1 and 2 are called chromophils

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the anterior pituitary

A

Packed secretory cells interspersed with fenestrated endothelium-lined vascular sinuses

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18
Q

Of the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary, state what type of secretory cell they are

A
  1. Somatotrophs (acidophil)
  2. Thyrotrophs (basophil)
  3. Corticotrophs (basophil)
  4. Lactotrophs (acidophil)
  5. Gonadotrophs (basophil)
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19
Q

What does the posterior pituitary consist of

A

The axons and nerve cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

20
Q

Name the special glial cells located in the posterior pituitary

A

Pituicytes

21
Q

What represent aggregations of oxytocin or vasopressin in the posterior pituitary

A

Swellings in the axons called Herring bodies

22
Q

What is the pars intermedia

A

The portion of the anterior lobe bordering the posterior lobe

23
Q

Describe the arrangement of the thyroid gland

A

Two large lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, a thin band of thyroid tissue

24
Q

Describe the functional unit of the thyroid gland

A

A thyroid follicle is a spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal when inactive (columnar when active)

25
Q

What do T3 and T4 regulate

A
  1. Cell metabolism rate
  2. Heat production
  3. Minor role in development and growth
26
Q

What are the main hormones of the thyroid gland

A
  1. Triiodothyronine (T3)

2. Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

27
Q

Where are C cells found

A

Parafollicular cells are found adjacent to the follicular cells, in the basal lamina surrounding the follicle

28
Q

What do C cells secrete

A

Calcitonin

29
Q

What is the function of calcitonin

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

30
Q

How many parathyroid glands do we have

A

Using 4: 2 superior and 2 inferior

31
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete

A

The parathyroid hormone, a polypeptide hormone necessary for life

32
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone

A

It increases serum calcium by:

  1. Stimulating release of calcium from bone
  2. Increasing renal calcium reabsorption
  3. Increasing calcium absorption from the gut
33
Q

Describe the 3 cells of the parathyroid glands

A
  1. Chief cells (secrete PTH)
  2. Oxyphils
  3. Adipose cells
34
Q

How many islets of Langerhans exist in the pancreas, and what proportion of the pancreas do they make up

A

1-3 million but they only occupy 1-2% of the volume of the pancreas

35
Q

What is the function of the testes

A
  1. Production of spermatozoa

2. Secretion of the male sex hormone, testosterone

36
Q

What cells secrete testosterone

A

The Leydig cells, in the interstices between the seminiferous tubules

37
Q

What is the function of the ovaries

A
  1. Produce ova

2. Secrete the female sex hormones: oestrogen, and progesterone

38
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

Cells of the theca interna will produce precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

39
Q

Describe the structure of the adrenal glands

A 
Cortex = formed of epithelial cells
Medulla  = formed of neural crest cells
40
Q

Name the layers of the adrenal cortex (from outer to inner)

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciulata
  3. Zona reticularis
41
Q

Name the 3 types of cholesterol-based steroid hormones the adrenal cortex secretes, and where they are produced

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa)
  2. Glucocorticoids (zona fasciulata)
  3. Sex hormones (zona reticularis)
42
Q

What do mineralocorticoids secrete

A

Principally aldosterone which promotes Na+ retention in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney

43
Q

What do glucocorticoids secrete

A

Cortisol which is involved in many aspects of metabolism (raising blood glucose etc.)

44
Q

What do the sex hormones of the zona reticularis secrete

A

Small amounts of a variety of androgens, as well as some glucocorticoids

45
Q

What does do the adrenal medulla contain, and thus secrete

A

Granules of adrenaline and noradrenaline that are released into the blood in response to sympathetic stimulation

46
Q

What are the 3 principle cell types in the pancreatic islets

A
  1. Insulin secreting cells (70%)
  2. Glucagon secreting cells (20%)
  3. Somatostatin (about 5-10%)

Histology 2 (9 decks)

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