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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of blood vessels

A
  1. Inner layer: tunica intima
  2. Middle layer: tunica media
  3. Outer layer: tunica adventitia
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2
Q

What layer varies tremendously between different blood vessels

A

The tunica media; much thicker in larger arteries

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3
Q

What is the tunica adventitia made up of

A

Supporting connective tissue

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4
Q

Name the network of blood vessels that supply the main blood vessels

A

Vaso vasorum

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5
Q

What membrane separates the tunica intima and tunica media

A

Internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

What membrane separates the tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

External elastic membrane

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7
Q

Name the three different types of capillary

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous or sinusoidal
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8
Q

What are capillaries made up of

A

An endothelial cell and basal lamina

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9
Q

What do capillary networks drain into

A

Post-capillary venules (10-30um diameter)

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10
Q

What do venules contain that post-capillary venules do not

A

Intermittent smooth muscle cells in their tunica media layer

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11
Q

Where is the extracellular fluid in the body

A
  1. Plasma: 3.5 litres

2. Interstitial fluid: 10.5 litres

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12
Q

Describe the distribution of blood found in the body

A
  1. Peripheral veins: 65%
  2. Heart and lungs: 20%
  3. Peripheral arteries: 10%
  4. Capillaries: 5%
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13
Q

What is the average adult blood volume

A

4.5-6 litres

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14
Q

Describe the different components of blood

A 
Formed elements (45%):
1. Red cells
2. White cells
3. Platelets
Plasma (55%):
1. Water
2. Proteins, nutrients, and salt
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15
Q

Name the 2 groups of white cells

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Name the different types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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17
Q

Name the different types of agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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18
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced, and name some

A

In the liver:

  1. Serum albumin
  2. Clotting factors
  3. Complement components
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19
Q

Describe the shape and size of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave (large surface area) discs about 7-8um in diameter

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20
Q

What takes up around 1/3 of the erythrocyte’s volume

A

The iron-containing protein haemoglobin

21
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs

A

It picks up oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

22
Q

What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes, and how are they removed

A

Around 4 months; removed chiefly by the spleen and liver

23
Q

Describe the proportion of leukocytes in the body

A
  1. Neutrophils (40-75%)
  2. Eosinophils (5%)
  3. Basophils (0.5%)
  4. Lymphocytes (20-50%)
  5. Monocytes (1-5%)
24
Q

What is the diameter of neutrophils

25
Q

Why are neutrophils often called polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

They have a prominent, multi-lobed nucleus

26
Q

What do neutrophil’s granules contain

A

Numerous enzymes and microbicidal agents

27
Q

What is the diameter of eosinophils

28
Q

What happens to the eosinophils after they are released from the bone marrow

A

They circulate in the body for 8-12 hours and then move into specific tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, GI tract, etc.) where they are stored

29
Q

What is the diameter of basophils

30
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

They act as effector cells in allergic reactions

31
Q

What is the diameter of monocytes

A

18um; largest cells circulating in the blood

32
Q

Describe the nucleus of monocytes

A

Non-lobulated nucleus which often appears kidney bean-shaped

33
Q

Describe the pathway of monocytes

A

They travel from the bone marrow to the body tissues, where they differentiate into the various phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytic system

34
Q

Name examples of the various phagocytes

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Alveolar macrophages
  4. Kupffer cells
35
Q

What are lymphocytes, and how many types are there

A

They are the main functional cells of the immune system, and there are two general classes:

  1. B cells
  2. T cells
36
Q

Where do the lymphocyte cells differentiate

A
  1. B cells = bone marrow

2. T cells = thymus

37
Q

What is the function of the lymphocyte cells

A
  1. B cells = give rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells

2. T cells = form a complex set of cells that perform many defense functions

38
Q

What are platelets

A

Small cell fragments (2um diameter) found in large numbers in the blood

39
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Play a key role in hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)

40
Q

What organelles do platelets contain

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Golgi
  3. Ribosomes
41
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus

42
Q

Describe the role of platelets during hemostasis

A

They adhere to the site of damage, aggregate, and degranulate

43
Q

Where is the earliest site for erythrocyte production, and when does it happen

A

Outside the embryo in the yolk sac, beginning at about 3 weeks gestation

44
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced during the second trimester

A

The liver mostly; and the spleen

45
Q

When do bones take over the production of blood cells

A 
Leukocytes = around 5 months gestation
Erythrocytes = around 7 months gestation
46
Q

By the time the skeleton reaches maturity, what bones are involved in hemopoiesis

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. Ribs
  3. Skull
  4. Pelvis
  5. Proximal femur
47
Q

What protein stimulates the production of erythrocytes, and where is it secreted from

A

Erythropoietin, and it is secreted from the kidneys

48
Q

Describe the 4 different classes of stem cells

A
  1. Totipotent = form all of the cells types of the adult (fertilised ovum)
  2. Pluripotent = give rise to all functional cell types of the animal (embryonic stem cell)
  3. Multipotent = give rise to a restricted set of cell types (lymphoid stem cells)
  4. Committed progenitor = produce only one cell type (CFU-E cells produce only erythrocytes)
49
Q

What are megakaryocytes

A

Giant (30-100um) cells found in the bone marrow; platelets form as extensions at the outer margin of the cell

Histology 2 (9 decks)

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