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BIO 169 > Endocrine/Exocrine Part 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine/Exocrine Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Study of hormones is what?

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

Means Secretion

A

Crine

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3
Q

Means to happen inside

A

Endo

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Endocrine System?

A

1.) Regulate long term processes (Growth/Development/Reproduction)
2.) Chemical Messengers
3.) Works with nervous system to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Which system secretes products via ducts?

A

Exocrine

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6
Q

Which system has no ducts, releases product directly into the blood, releases products called hormones & circulates until they’ve reached their target?

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

What system is considered long-term regulation and uses chemical messengers?

A

Endocrine

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8
Q

How many types of communication are there and what are they?

A

4
1.) Direct
2.)Paracrine
3.) Endocrine
4.) Nervous

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9
Q

Which type of intercellular communication transfers between 2 adjacent cells of the same type?

A

Direct communication (2 cells/one unit)

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10
Q

Which intercellular communication is the MC? And allow cells to communicate with other cells of the same tissue?

A

Paracrine communication (same tissue)

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11
Q

Which intercellular communication releases chemicals into bloodstream via hormones, targets metabolic activities of tissues and organs, and targets cells?

A

Endocrine (far away)

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12
Q

What type of intercellular communication is ideal for crisis management, uses neurotransmitters, used only in the synaptic cleft, and is short lived?

A

Synaptic Communication (nerve- nerve, muscle, or gland)

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13
Q

What is they “key”?

A

Hormones that are released from secretory cells
circulate until it reached target cell

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14
Q

What is the “lock”?

A

Receptor on the target cell is the lock, hormone binds to receptor of target cells, “unlocking” the chemical message

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15
Q

What are the 4 common responses of the target cell?

A

1.) New Hormone
2.) New Enzyme (protein)
3.) increase/decrease rate of which and enzyme/protein is made
4.) Open/close gate (channel) in membrane

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16
Q

The following characteristics belong to what hormones:
-remain functional for < 1 hr
-diffuse out of bloodstream & bind to receptors on target cells
-Absorbed by cells of liver/kidneys
-WATER SOLUABLE (water flows free)
-USUALLY PEPTIDE HORMONES

A

Free hormone

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17
Q

The following characteristics belong to what kind of hormone:
-Usually thyroid/lipid hormone
-Remain in circulation longer

A

Bound hormone

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18
Q

How many, and what are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

3
1.) Amino Acid derivatives (tyrosine/tryptophan)
2.) Peptide hormones (hormones from hypothal, heart, thymus, GI, pancreas)
3.) Lipid derivates (Eicosanoids/steroid hormones)

19
Q

What does tyrosine (AA derivates) make?

A

-Dopamine (from levodopa- in brain/kidney)
-Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
-Norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
-Thyroid (made by thyroid gland)
DENT, DENT, DENT, DENT

20
Q

What 3 hormones that make up CATecholamines? (AA derviates)

A

-Dopamine
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine

CATs hangout in the DEN

21
Q

How many, and what hormones make up Tryptophan (AA derivate)?

A

-Melatonin (pineal gland)
-Serotonin (brain/gut)

Turn on the “phan” to go to bed after a happy day

MeSleepyandhappy

22
Q

How many, and what are the proteins called that make up Peptide Hormones? (PGS)

A

2
1.) Glycoproteins
2.) Short polypeptides/small proteins

23
Q

What hormones is made as a prohormones (inactive), then is converted to active?

A

Peptide Hormone

you’re tired then become PEPPED!

24
Q

What hormones make up Lipid Derivatives?

A

1.) Eicosanoids
2.) Steroid Hormones

25
Q

How many Eicosanoids (Lipid Derivates) are there? And what are they
(LPTP)

A

4
1.) Leukotrienes-pro allergic (asthma/rhinities)
2. Prostaglandins- pain, menstural contractions (COX 1/2)
3.) Thromboxane- Vasoconstriction (pro blood clot)
4.) Prostacyclin-Vasodilation (prevents blood clots)

26
Q

Steroids are lipid derivates. How many are there?

A

6
1.) Corticosteroids: made in adrenal gland
2.) Calcitriol: Kidneys
3.) Estrogen/Proesterone: Ovaries
4.)Testosterone: Testes
5.) Vitamin D
6.) Thyroid hormones: made from thyroid gland t3/t4

27
Q

Absence of specific hormone
triggers increase in number of hormone receptors for that hormone

A

Up-regulation

28
Q

Overabundance of specific hormone
Triggers decrease in number of receptors for hormone

A

Down-regulation
=tolerance for drugs, insensitivity DM II

29
Q

hormones binding to a receptor is called…

A

Hormone Receptor Complex (HRC)

30
Q

On plasma membrane of target cell

A

Extracellular receptors

31
Q

In cytoplasm or on DNA of target cell

A

Intracellular receptor

32
Q

When a small number of first messengers cause thousands of second messengers to be made in the cell

A

Amplification

33
Q

When single hormone causes the release of more than one type of second messenger in a series of linked reactions

A

Receptor cascade

34
Q

Can enter cell cytoplasm or through nuclear envelope to DNA and create change

A

Lipid soluable hormones

35
Q

Can enter cell cytoplasm or through nuclear envelope to DNA and create change

A

Lipid soluble hormones

36
Q

Which type of receptor systems are intracellular, lipid soluble steroids, and can enter the bilayer directly to DNA?

A

Direct gene activation

37
Q

Which type of receptor systems is extracellular, water soluble, and therefore cannot dissolve through the lipid bilayer?

A

Second messenger system

38
Q

What are two examples of second messenger system?

A

1.) G-protein (glucagon receptor)
2.) Non-G linked receptors (insulin receptor)

39
Q

The following characteristics are examples of what:
-Made from cholesterol
-Lipid soluble
-Direct Gene Activation (binds to DNA directly)
-Slower action &
-Does not amplify (you get what you get)

A

Lipid Soluble Steroid Hormone

40
Q

What are the 9 lipid-soluble steroid hormone list?

A

ALDOSTERONE
Cortisol
Androgens
Testosterone
Estrogens
Progesterone
Vitamin D
Calcitriol
Thyroid Hormone

41
Q

Which hormone describes the following characteristics?
-Water soluble
-2nd Messenger System
-Target cells have specific protein receptos embedded in plasma membrane
-Fast acting
Amplification- chain reaction

A

Water-soluble Non-steroid hormone (NSH)

42
Q

What are the steps in a 2nd Messenger System?

A

-Free hormones binds to extracellular receptors
-G Protein activated by HRC (Hormone receptor complex)
-Adelante cyclase makes cAMP from ATP
-cAMP becomes the second messenger
-Protein kinase C removes a phosphate from ATP
-Protein kinase C phosphorylates a protein
-Ion channels open, or protein activated

43
Q

What breaks/inactivates cAMP?

A

Phosphodiesterase

44
Q

What two things can G-proteins do with calcium?

A

-Open calcium channels
-Release calcium ions stored inside the cell

BIO 169 (12 decks)

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