Endocrine Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
myxedema
Advanced Hypothyroidism
S/S:
- depressed respirations (hypoxia, hypercapnia)
- decreased cardiac output
- cerebral hypoxia
- lethargy, stupor, coma
- hypothermia
- bradycardia, hypotension
- hyponatremia
- edema that is mutinous, rather than water
TX:
synthetic thyroid replacements
myxedema coma
long term untreated hypothyroidism. life-threatening condition that occurs when hypothyroidism is untreated or when a stressor (such as an infection, heart failure, stroke, or surgery), affects an individual who hs hypothyroidism.
diabetes insipidus
a disease that results from underproduction of ADH
SIADH
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) involves the excessive secretion of ADH. Clients with SIADH cannot excrete dilute urine. Fluid retention and ultimately water intoxication occur, along with sodium deficiency. SIADH can result from central nervous system (CNS) disorders, chemotherapy, ADH production by some cancers, and overuse of vasopressin therapy.
graves disease
An immune system disorder of the butterfly-shaped gland in the throat (thyroid).
The thyroid overproduces hormones. The condition is more common in women under age 40.
Symptoms include anxiety, hand tremor, heat sensitivity, weight loss, puffy eyes and enlarged thyroid.
Treatment includes medications. Sometimes the thyroid is removed.
cushing’s disease
caused by an oversecrsetion of the adrenal cortex
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
weight gain in midsection, small peripherals
cushion’s syndrome
(hyperadrenalism) results from overproduction of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. It can also result from overuse of corticosteroids or tumors of the adrenal glands or the pituitary.
Fat distribution is abnormal. The face is rounded (“moon face”), the abdomen is heavy and hangs down, and the arms and legs are thin. There is a noted fat pad in the neck and supraclavicular area sometimes referred to as a “buffalo hump.”
hypokalemia present
pheochromocytoma
a tumor, usually benign, that originates in the adrenal medulla. A tumor of the adrenal medulla increases secretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which in turn causes extreme hypertension, tremor, headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and increased urination. Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor—a dangerous operation because it may cause sudden and extreme changes in blood pressure.
thyroid storm/crisis
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening health condition that is associated with untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism. During thyroid storm, an individual’s heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature can soar to dangerously high levels. Without prompt, aggressive treatment, thyroid storm is often fatal.
hashimotos thyroiditis
is hypothyroidism believed to be autoimmune in origin. It is of the type of autoimmune disorders known as organ specific because the body builds up antibodies against thyroid tissue only.
tetany
a generalized continuous muscle spasm of the entire body. It is most often caused by accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy.
Chvostek’s sign (abnormal spasm of the facial muscles in response to light taps on the facial nerve) and Trousseau’s sign (wrist spasm with BP cuff)
goiters
enlarged thyroid gland, but no symptoms of T4 deficiency are there.
Addison’s disease
A disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones.
Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone, too. When the body is under stress (e.g. fighting an infection), this deficiency of cortisol can result in a life threatening Addisonian crisis characterized by low blood pressure.
Symptoms tend to be non-specific and include fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing.
Treatment involves taking hormones to replace those not produced by the adrenal glands.
addisonian crisis
serious medical emergency caused by extremely low levels of cortisol. Cortisol is an important hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is normally released as part of the body’s response to stress. People with Addison’s disease are at the greatest risk of developing an Addisonian crisis
acromegaly
A disorder in adults in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone.
Acromegaly is usually caused by a noncancerous tumor. Middle-aged adults are most commonly affected.
Symptoms include enlargement of the face, hands, and feet.
Prompt treatment is needed to avoid serious illness. Drugs can reduce the effects of growth hormone. If needed, surgery and radiation may be used to remove tumor cells.
kidney stones
A small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys and is often painful when passed.
The most common symptom is severe pain, usually in the side of the abdomen, that’s often associated with nausea.
Treatment includes pain relievers and drinking lots of water to help pass the stone. Medical procedures may be needed to remove or break up larger stones.
hyperthryroidism
clinical syndrome caused by excessive circulating thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone exaggerates normal body functions and produces a hyper metabolic state and increased sympathetic nervous system
hypothyroidism
condition in which there is an inadequate amount of circulating thyroid hormones T3 and T4 causing a decrease in metabolic rate that affects all body systems
hyperparathyroidism
stems from an excess of PTH that causes blood calcium levels to rise, resulting in calcium depletion in bones (osteomalacia). Bones become soft and weak, leading to skeletal tenderness. They tend to break easily.
The skull may enlarge. Muscles weaken, and the client complains of fatigue, nausea, and constipation. Kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and uremia may develop. The person may become disoriented and paranoid and may lose consciousness. This condition may be secondary to chronic nephritis.
hypoparathyroidism
the deficiency of PTH, results from lowered production of the hormone, with a consequent reduction in the amount of calcium available to the body and an accumulation of phosphorus in the blood. Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during a thyroidectomy may cause hypoparathyroidism.
hypercortisolism
aka cushing syndrome
acute adrenal insufficiency
also known as an acute adrenal crisis.
People who have a condition called Addison’s disease or who have damaged adrenal glands may not be able to produce enough cortisol. Low levels of cortisol can cause weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
pituitary adenoma
Noncancerous tumors in the pituitary gland that don’t spread beyond the skull.
The pituitary gland is in the skull, below the brain and above the nasal passages. A large tumor can press upon and damage the brain and nerves.
Vision changes or headaches are symptoms. In some cases, hormones can also be affected, interfering with menstrual cycles and causing sexual dysfunction.
Treatments include surgery and medications to block excess hormone production or shrink the tumor. In some cases, radiation may also be used.
normal ranges for adult
VS
Blood Sugar
Temp: 96.8 - 101.3
Pulse: 60 - 100 BPM
Resp: 12 - 20 RPM
BP: 90/60 ,<120/<80, 139/89
Blood Sugar: 70 - 110 ATI
