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Animal Diseases > Endocrine Dz > Flashcards

Endocrine Dz Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells in the pancreas make insulin and glucagon?

A

Beta cells make insulin, alpha cells make glucagon

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2
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Atrophy, lymphocytic thyroiditis, central endocrine issue

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3
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain w/no diet change, lethargy, exercise intolerance, bilateral alopecia, poor hair coat, cold intolerance, mental dullness, repro problems if intact

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4
Q

What are the 2 endocrine diseases that cause bilateral alopecia?

A

Hypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease

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5
Q

Which animals commonly get hypothyroidism?

A

Female dogs

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6
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

A

Total T4 (80%), Free T4 (93%), enlarged thyroid, TSH

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7
Q

Which animals get affected by hyperthyroidism the most?

A

Cats 8+ years old

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8
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperplastic thyroid or mainly benign adenoma

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9
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Weight loss, polyphagia, vomiting, hyperactivity, unkempt, tachycardia, hypertension

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10
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

A

Enlarged thyroid, mild increased liver enzymes, elevated T4, T3 suppression test

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11
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

Methimazole, thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine

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12
Q

Which animals get affected by diabetes mellitus the most?

A

Female dogs, 4-14 years old

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13
Q

What is type 1 DM?

A

Insulin dependant, beta cells stop producing insulin, most common

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14
Q

What is type 2 DM?

A

Non-insulin depandent, cells become resistant to insulin, rarer in dogs, makes up about half of DM in cats

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15
Q

What are symptoms of DM?

A

PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss, cataracts, dehydration, plantigrade stance in cats, UTI’s

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16
Q

How is DM diagnosed?

A

Glucosuria, fasting BG >200 mg/dL, elevated liver enzymes, high cholesterol

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17
Q

How is DM treated?

A

Diet high in protein, fiber, and complex carbs, consistent exercise, insulin,

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18
Q

What happens during diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Without insulin, body breaks down fat for energy, produces ketones as waste which causes acidosis, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

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19
Q

What are symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Depression, lethargy, weakness, vomiting, dehydration, obtunded/coma

20
Q

How is diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosed?

A

Ketones in urine, glucosuria, decreased blood pH

21
Q

How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?

A

Give fluids, bring down BG via short acting insulin or dextrose CRI, resume long acting insulin once ketosis is resolved and patient is eating

22
Q

What is insulinoma?

A

Tumor associated with beta cells, producing lots of insulin and causing hypoglycemia

23
Q

What are symptoms of insulinoma?

A

Seizures, weakness/collapse, ataxia, odd behavior, depression/lethargy made worse by fasting, excitation, exercise or stress

24
Q

How is insulinoma diagnosed?

A

Low BG <40 mg/dL, Serum insulin determination, which shouldnt be high while being hypoglycemic,

25
Q

How is insulinoma treated?

A

Remove tumor, can be given steroids, prevent hypoglycemic crisis

26
Q

How long do patients with insulinoma survive?

A

Less than a year after diagnosis

27
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal glands over produce gluccocorticoids either due to itself, steroids or pituitary gland

28
Q

Which animals get cushings the most?

A

Middle aged to older dogs

29
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s?

A

PU/PD, polyphagia, panting, potbelly, endocrine alopecia, muscle weakness/lethargy, slow wound healing, repro problems

30
Q

What are the 2 drugs that can be used to treat Cushing’s? What do they do?

A

Mitotane and Trilostane
Milostane causes necrosis to portions of the adrenal gland, can have GI/neuro side effects and cause Addison’s dz
Trilostane inhibits the hormone needed for cortisol synthesis, can cause rare GI side effects

31
Q

What surgery can be performed to treat Cushing’s?

A

Adrenalectomy

32
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism, underproducing gluccorticoids (cortisol)and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) due to itself, pituitary gland or steroid drug withdrawal

33
Q

What electrolyte imbalance can Addison’s cause?

A

Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

34
Q

What are symptoms of Addison’s?

A

Depression, lethargy, weakness, V/D, dehydration, obtunded/coma, PU/PD, bradycardia, weight loss/anorexia

35
Q

How is Addison’s diagnosed?

A

Electrolyte abnormalities (Na:K ,27:1), ACTH stim test with low response

36
Q

How is Addison’s treated?

A

Corticosteroid replacement w/steroids like prednisolone and prednisone, mineralocorticoid replacement w/Florinef (PO), or DOCP (IM Q25days)

37
Q

What are nursing protocols for Addison’s?

A

Rehydrate, correct hypovolemic shock and electrolytes, requires hospitalization for stabilization

38
Q

Where is Lyme Disease most commonly seen?

A

NE states

39
Q

What organs does Lyme disease effect?

A

Lymph nodes

40
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A

Bacterial infection Through tick bite attached for >48hrs

41
Q

What are symptoms of lyme disease?

A

Lameness due to polyarthritis, rash at tick bite, anorexia, lethargy, fever, lymphadenopathy. Signs can develop weeks to months after exposure.

42
Q

How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

A

ELISA test, some distinguish antibodies from vx, some dont

43
Q

How is lyme disease and rickets treated?

A

Antibiotics like doxycycline, may not eliminate all bacteria and pt can be chronically infected.

44
Q

What 2 OTC meds can be given for tick prevention?

A

Frontline and NexGuard

45
Q

How is Rickets transmitted?

A

Tick bite, attached for 5-20 hours

46
Q

What are symptoms of rickets?

A

Fever, anorexia, lethargy, edema, ocular discharge, lameness/stiffness

47
Q

How can Rickets be diagnosed?

A

IFA of tissue biopsy for RMSF, titer test, ELISA test for monocytic ehrlichiosis

Animal Diseases (6 decks)

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