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human biology atar year 12 > Endocrine Dysfunction > Flashcards

Endocrine Dysfunction Flashcards

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1
Q

hyperthyroidism

CAUSE

A

Immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is most common cause

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2
Q

Hyperthyroidism

SYMPTOMS

A
  • fast heartbeat
  • mood swings
  • weight loss
  • diarrhoea
  • trouble sleeping
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3
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Treatment

A

Anti thyroid
- interfere with production of thyroid hormone

Radio active iodine therapy
- helps slow down a rapid heart rate and reduces shakes

Surgery
- to remove the whole or part of the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Hypothyroidism

WHAT

A

Lack of thyroid hormone being produced into the blood stream. Slows metabolism

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5
Q

Hypothyroidism

Cause?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis
- autoimmune disease

Medication
- any containing lithium

Pregnancy
- develop during or after pregnancy

Iodine defiance disorder
- lack of iodine in diet preventing thyroid hormone

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6
Q

Hyperthyriodism

WHAT

A

WHAT -
Condition when the thyroid gland is over active and makes excessive amount of thyroid hormone. Increase metabolism due to more thyroid hormone

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7
Q

Hypothyroidism

SYMPTOMS

A
  • weight gain
  • hair loss
  • constipation
  • depression
  • low heart rate
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8
Q

Hypothyroidism

DIAGNOSIS

A
  • based on symptoms, physical exam, blood test, radioactive radio scans, ultrasounds for internal structure of thyroid
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9
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Diagnosis

A
  • bloodtest to measure hormone level in thyroid
  • presence of thyroid stimulation antibodies checked
  • if found in nodules, radioactive scan indicates pockets of over activity
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10
Q

Hypothyroidism

Treatment

A

Thyroid replacement therapy
- pill that replaces thyroid hormone

Increase Isidore

  • more iodine in diet
  • eggs, seaweed, dairy products
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11
Q

Type 1 Mellitus diabetes

WHAT

A

Illness that the body can’t produce enough insulin die to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas

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12
Q

Type 1 Mellitus diabetes

CAUSE

A
  • no exact cause
  • normal immune systems fight off bacteria and virus, but T1 immune systems kill the insulin producing cells in the pancreas
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13
Q

Type 1 Mellitus diabetes

SYMPTOMS

A
  • frequent urination
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision
  • itchy skin
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14
Q

Type 1 Mellitus diabetes

DIAGNOSIS

A

Blood test to measure glucose levels

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15
Q

Type 1 Mellitus diabetes

TREATMENT

A
  • taking insulin daily by injecting it insulin pump
  • self monitoring of blood sugar levels by regularly testing droplets of blood on a glucose meter
  • self testing of urine with a test sat rip for high levels of ketones - not routinely only when symptoms occur
  • regular exercise and healthy eating
  • increase amount of slow release carbohydrates
  • maintaining regular checks for diabetes
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16
Q

Type 2 Mellitus diabetes

WHAT

A

Results in the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas

17
Q

Type 2 Mellitus diabetes

CAUSE

A
  • develops when busy comes resistant to insulin
  • when pancreas tips producing insulin
  • genetic and environmental factors such as weight gain and inactivity
18
Q

Type 2 Mellitus diabetes

SYMPTOMS

A
  • increase thirst
  • increase urine
  • itchy skin
  • tired/ lethargic
  • blurred vision
19
Q

Type 2 Mellitus diabetes

DIAGNOSIS

A
  • glucose blood test

- oral glucose test (OGTT), high glucose drink given, then blood samples taken

20
Q

Type 2 Mellitus diabetes

TREATMENT

A
  • taking insulin
  • carbohydrate counting
  • frequent blood sugar monitoring
  • eating healthy foods
  • exercise regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
21
Q

Hypothalamus – Pituitary link

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between hypo & PP
  • hormones produced by the cell body of neurosecretory cells, then packaged in vesicle and transported through axon, & stored in axon terminal until needed in PP
  • when neurosecretory cells stimulated, action poet nail generated triggers rase of stored hormones, let in to cap network with in PP
  • Oxytocin & ADH are produced and released in this way
22
Q

Hypothalamus – Pituitary link

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • occurs through chemicals that are produced by hypo and delivered to AP through blood vessels.
  • hormones priced by special neurones go hypo, Neurosecretory cells.
  • These hormones released into capillary network and move through veins to 2nd cap network that supplies to AP
  • hormone diffuse from 2nd cap network to AP cells, where inundated by specific hormones by AP.
  • Most AP hormones are tropins, they stimulate
    endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
23
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

is the biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals.

24
Q

glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen from glucose.

25
Q

Hyperthyroidism feedback loop (increase metabolic rate)

A

STIMULUS - low core body tempt
RECEPTORS - thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
MODULATOR - hypothalamus - release more TSH release factor - thyroid produces more TH
EFFECTOR - body cells
RESPONSE - increase cellular respiration
FEEDBACK - increase metabolism/ increase core body temperature

26
Q

Blood sugar level

A

RISE
Normal BSL - blood sugar rises - pancreas secretes insulin - insulin cause uptake of glucose, and converts glucose to glycogen and fats - decrease level of glucose in blood

FALL
Normal BSL - BSL drops - pancreas secretes glycogen - glycogen converted into glucose in liver and muscles - release of glucose in body

human biology atar year 12 (3 decks)

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