Endocrine Dysfunction Flashcards
hyperthyroidism
CAUSE
Immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is most common cause
Hyperthyroidism
SYMPTOMS
- fast heartbeat
- mood swings
- weight loss
- diarrhoea
- trouble sleeping
Hyperthyroidism
Treatment
Anti thyroid
- interfere with production of thyroid hormone
Radio active iodine therapy
- helps slow down a rapid heart rate and reduces shakes
Surgery
- to remove the whole or part of the pituitary gland
Hypothyroidism
WHAT
Lack of thyroid hormone being produced into the blood stream. Slows metabolism
Hypothyroidism
Cause?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
- autoimmune disease
Medication
- any containing lithium
Pregnancy
- develop during or after pregnancy
Iodine defiance disorder
- lack of iodine in diet preventing thyroid hormone
Hyperthyriodism
WHAT
WHAT -
Condition when the thyroid gland is over active and makes excessive amount of thyroid hormone. Increase metabolism due to more thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism
SYMPTOMS
- weight gain
- hair loss
- constipation
- depression
- low heart rate
Hypothyroidism
DIAGNOSIS
- based on symptoms, physical exam, blood test, radioactive radio scans, ultrasounds for internal structure of thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnosis
- bloodtest to measure hormone level in thyroid
- presence of thyroid stimulation antibodies checked
- if found in nodules, radioactive scan indicates pockets of over activity
Hypothyroidism
Treatment
Thyroid replacement therapy
- pill that replaces thyroid hormone
Increase Isidore
- more iodine in diet
- eggs, seaweed, dairy products
Type 1 Mellitus diabetes
WHAT
Illness that the body can’t produce enough insulin die to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
Type 1 Mellitus diabetes
CAUSE
- no exact cause
- normal immune systems fight off bacteria and virus, but T1 immune systems kill the insulin producing cells in the pancreas
Type 1 Mellitus diabetes
SYMPTOMS
- frequent urination
- weight loss
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- itchy skin
Type 1 Mellitus diabetes
DIAGNOSIS
Blood test to measure glucose levels
Type 1 Mellitus diabetes
TREATMENT
- taking insulin daily by injecting it insulin pump
- self monitoring of blood sugar levels by regularly testing droplets of blood on a glucose meter
- self testing of urine with a test sat rip for high levels of ketones - not routinely only when symptoms occur
- regular exercise and healthy eating
- increase amount of slow release carbohydrates
- maintaining regular checks for diabetes
Type 2 Mellitus diabetes
WHAT
Results in the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas
Type 2 Mellitus diabetes
CAUSE
- develops when busy comes resistant to insulin
- when pancreas tips producing insulin
- genetic and environmental factors such as weight gain and inactivity
Type 2 Mellitus diabetes
SYMPTOMS
- increase thirst
- increase urine
- itchy skin
- tired/ lethargic
- blurred vision
Type 2 Mellitus diabetes
DIAGNOSIS
- glucose blood test
- oral glucose test (OGTT), high glucose drink given, then blood samples taken
Type 2 Mellitus diabetes
TREATMENT
- taking insulin
- carbohydrate counting
- frequent blood sugar monitoring
- eating healthy foods
- exercise regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
Hypothalamus – Pituitary link
Posterior Pituitary
- occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between hypo & PP
- hormones produced by the cell body of neurosecretory cells, then packaged in vesicle and transported through axon, & stored in axon terminal until needed in PP
- when neurosecretory cells stimulated, action poet nail generated triggers rase of stored hormones, let in to cap network with in PP
- Oxytocin & ADH are produced and released in this way
Hypothalamus – Pituitary link
Anterior Pituitary
- occurs through chemicals that are produced by hypo and delivered to AP through blood vessels.
- hormones priced by special neurones go hypo, Neurosecretory cells.
- These hormones released into capillary network and move through veins to 2nd cap network that supplies to AP
- hormone diffuse from 2nd cap network to AP cells, where inundated by specific hormones by AP.
- Most AP hormones are tropins, they stimulate
endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
Glycogenolysis
is the biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals.
glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose.
Hyperthyroidism feedback loop (increase metabolic rate)
STIMULUS - low core body tempt
RECEPTORS - thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
MODULATOR - hypothalamus - release more TSH release factor - thyroid produces more TH
EFFECTOR - body cells
RESPONSE - increase cellular respiration
FEEDBACK - increase metabolism/ increase core body temperature
Blood sugar level
RISE
Normal BSL - blood sugar rises - pancreas secretes insulin - insulin cause uptake of glucose, and converts glucose to glycogen and fats - decrease level of glucose in blood
FALL
Normal BSL - BSL drops - pancreas secretes glycogen - glycogen converted into glucose in liver and muscles - release of glucose in body
