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HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR YEAR 12 > Endocrine and nervous > Flashcards

Endocrine and nervous Flashcards

1
Q

NERVE IMPULSES

NERVE TRANSMISSION

A
  • Sodium and potassium cause weak electrical charge across the membrane of the neurone (resting potential), the membrane is said to be polarised.
  • When the neurone is stimulated the action of the sodium and potassium in the membrane pump is interrupted.
  • This changes the permeability of the membrane. That allows the sodium to flood into the cell and the potassium to leak out.
  • This reverse electrical charge across the membrane (action potential) - t=he cell membrane is said to be depolarised.
  • depolarisation down nerve fibre in small steps - nerve impulses as soon as the nerve impulses pass, membrane pumps are re-activated and resting potential restored.
  • myelinated fibres impulses jumps from node to node - saltatory conduction
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2
Q

NERVE IMPULSES

MYELINATED / UN-MYELINATED

A
  • Myelinated neurones - have myelin sheath and use saltatory conduction
  • Myelin - white phospholipid covering around an axon
  • Nodes of Ranvier - in the myelin covering
  • Saltatory conduction - allows for faster conduction of a nerve impulse because impulses jump from node to node
  • Unmyelinated neurons - do not have the myelin sheath and use continuous conduction
  • Continuous conduction - slower conduction of the nerve impulse because it must travel down the entire length of the neurone
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3
Q

REFLEX ARC

A
  • A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus
  • A reflex arc describes the pathway of an electrical impulse in response to a stimulus;
  • A relay neurone are found in the spinal cord, connecting sensory neurone to motor neurone;
  • Neurone do not connect directly with each other: there is a gap called a synapse.
  • The sequence of events is - stimulus (pain point) - receptors (pain receptors skin) - coordinators (spinal cord) - effector (muscle) - response (contraction of muscle)
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4
Q

RECEPTORS

NEURONE

A

a basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

RECEPTORS

MULTIPOLAR

A
  • one axon
  • multiple dendrites extending from cell body
  • most common, in brain and spinal cord
  • motor neurones
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6
Q

RECEPTORS

BIPOLAR

A
  • one axon
  • one dendrite
  • branches at both ends
  • occur in eye, ears, nose
  • take impulses from receptors to other neurone
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7
Q

RECEPTORS

UNIPOLAR

A
  • one extension, and axon
  • cell body to one side of the axon
  • sensory neurones, bring impulse to spine
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8
Q

BRAIN

CEREBRUM

A
  • balance
  • posture
  • cardiac, respiratory , and vasomotor centres
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9
Q

BRAIN

CORPUS CALLOSUM

A

communication between the left and right side of the brain

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10
Q

BRAIN

HYPOTHALAMUS

A
  • Moods and motivation
  • Sexual maturation
  • Temperature regulation
  • Hormonal body processes
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11
Q

BRAIN

PITURITY GLAND

A
  • Hormonal body processes
  • Physical maturation
  • Growth (height and form)
  • Sexual maturation
  • Sexual functioning
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12
Q

BRAIN

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A
  • Controls heartbeat and breathing
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13
Q

BRAIN

CEREBELLUM

A
  • Balance
  • Posture
  • Cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centres
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14
Q

BRAIN

BRAIN STEM

A
  • Motor and sensory pathway to body and face

- Vital centers: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor

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15
Q

BRAIN

HIPPOCAMPUS

A

Memory

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16
Q

BRAIN

THALAMUS

A

Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

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17
Q

BRAIN

PONS

A

relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, controls arousal and regulates respiration

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18
Q

BRAIN

CEREBRAL CORTEX

A
  • outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere that is grey matter.
  • Cortices are asymmetrical.
  • Both hemispheres are able to analyse sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, form thoughts and make decisions.
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19
Q

NEROUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • BRAIN received and processes sensory info, response, stores memories, generates thoughts
  • SPINAL CORD conducts signals to and from the brain, control relfex
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20
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • outside of the body, sensory receptors
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21
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

MOTOR AND SENSORY NEURONES

A

MOTOR - CNS to muscles to glands

SENSORY - sensory organs to CNS

22
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

controls voluntary movements

23
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • Involuntary
  • Maintains homeostatic balance
  • Carries nerve impulses to involuntary glands and internal organs
  • Sympathetic (fight/flight) or parasympathetic (normal body functioning)
  • Consists of 2 neurones from efferent chain (pre/post ganglionic neurones)
24
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • enables the body’s response to stress - take out if homeostatic balance
  • Arise with spinal nerves in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spine
  • Neurotransmitter is Noradrenaline
25
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARASYMPETHEIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • involved with normal body functioning (maintain homeostatic balance)
  • Arise with cranial nerves from the brain and spinal nerves in sacral region of the spine. (Cranio-sacral out flow)
  • Neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine (ACH)
26
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING (FSH)

A
  • Target organ - ovaries (female), testes (males)

- main effect - follicle growth (female), sperm production (male)

27
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

LUTEINISING (LH)

A
  • TO - ovaries (female), testes (male)

- ME - ovulation and uterus maintenance ( female), testosterone secretion (male)

28
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

A
  • TO - All cells

- ME - growth and protein synthesist

29
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

THYROID-STIMULATING (TSH)

A
  • TO - thyroid gland

- ME - secretion of hormone from the thyroid

30
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)

A
  • TO - adrenal gland

- ME - secretion of hormone from adrenal cortex

31
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe

PROLACTIN (PRL)

A
  • TO - mammary glands

- ME - milk production

32
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Antidiuretic (ADH)

A
  • TO - kidneys

- ME - reabsorption of water

33
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Oxytocin (OT)

A
  • TO - uterus and mammary glands

- ME - contractions of uterus dusting birth, erase of milt in mammary gland

34
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Thyroxin

A
  • Gland - Thyroid
  • Target cell - most cells
  • Main effect - increase metabolic rate & oxygen consumption & heat production
35
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • G - parathyroid
  • TC - bones and kidneys
  • ME - increase level of calcium in blood
36
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Thymosin

A
  • G - thymus
  • TC - t lymphocytes
  • ME - stimulates development & maturation of t lymphocytes
37
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Aldosterone

A
  • G - Adrenal cortex
  • TC - kidney
  • ME - increase reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ion
38
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Cortisol

A
  • G - adrenal cortex
  • TC - most cells
  • ME - promotes normal metabolism, helps body deal with stress, repair damage of tissue
39
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Adrenaline & noradrenaline

A
  • G - adrenal medulla
  • TC - most tissues
  • ME - prepares the body for flight/fight, reinforces the effect of SNS
40
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Insulin

A
  • G - pancreas
  • TC - most cells
  • ME - stimulates uptake of glucose, lowers blood sugar levels
41
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Glycogen

A
  • G - pancreas
  • TC - liver and fat storage tissue
  • ME - stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat, increase BSL
42
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Androgens

A
  • G - testes
  • TC - many tissue
  • ME - sperm production, growth of skeleton and muscles, male sex characteristic
43
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Oestrogen

A
  • G - ovaries
  • TC - many tissue
  • ME - menstrual cycle, sex characteristic
44
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND
Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland

Progesterone

A
  • G - ovaries
  • TC - untrue sand mammary gland
  • ME - menstrual cycle & pregnancy, prepares for lactation (breast milk)
45
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Nature of message

A

NS - Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

ES - hormones

46
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Transport of messages

A

NS - along the membrane of neurones

ES - by the blood stream

47
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Cells affected

A

NS - muscle and glands; other neurones

ES - all body cells

48
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Type of response

A

NS - usually local and specific

ES - may be very general and widespread

49
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Time Taken to respond

A

NS - rapid - within millisecond

ES - slower - from seconds to day

50
Q

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Duration of response

A

NS - brief - stops quickly when the stimulus stops

ES - longer lasting - may continue long after stimulus has stopped

51
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • place where incoming messages are processed and where outgoing messages to the PNS are sent
  • Nerves make up the PNS
  • PROTECTION - bone (brain), membrane called menininges (protective covering if all CNS) a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)(shock absorber)
  • splits into the CNS, PNS, SNS, ANS, Sympathetic/ parasymathetic

HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR YEAR 12 (3 decks)

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