Endocrine Diseases

Question 1

define hyposecretion

Answer 1

decreased hormone production or none at all

Question 2

define hypersecretion

Answer 2

increased hormone production and secretion

Question 3

why are hormones needed

Answer 3

for synthesis

Question 4

six causes of hyposecretion

Answer 4

dietary deficiency
metabolic defect (lack of required enzyme)
immune disorder (autoimmune)
defective cell receptors (hormone can’t bind)
no trophic stimulation (atrophy- use it or lose it)
treatment for hypersecretion

Question 5

three causes of hyper secretion

Answer 5

increased trophic stimulation
defect in negative feedback
secretory tumors (ectopic (outside the gland) secrete hormone like substances)

Question 6

What is diabetes

Answer 6

insulin deficiency (widespread metabolic problem)

Question 7

two types of insulin deficiency

Answer 7

absolute and relative

Question 8

main complications that arise from diabetes

Answer 8

CV, neuro, renal and ocular

Question 9

Type one has two types of classifications. What are they?

Answer 9

Type 1A: immune based: insulin gene on chr 11 (beta cell division and function) and MHC gene on chr 6 (marker of beta cells)
Type 1B: idiopathic

Question 10

Type 2 is classified as ….

Answer 10

absolute/ relative
glucokinase gene on chr 7: enzyme that binds glucose to the phosphate group in the cell (holding glucose in) without it glucose may leave the cell

Question 11

How can you determine pre diabetes

Answer 11

IFG: impaired fasting glucose
HBa1c:
IGT: impaired glucose tolerance
Metabolic Syndrome (may be pre or during)

Question 12

What is metabolic syndrome

Answer 12

a predisposition for diabetes Type 2

HTN, abdominal obesity (diabesity), hyperlipidemia

Question 13

Pathophysiology of diabetes (both types)

Answer 13

insulin deficiency so therefor you have impaired glucose utilization. liver starts to undergo glucogenisis (break down glycogen into glucose). Gluconeogensis occurs breaking down lipids and proteins. Hyperglycemia occurs. The renal threshold is exceeded (glycosuria). glucose enters the filtrates raise its osmolarity causing more fluid to enter. polyuria (increased urine volume) leads to dehydration leading to polydipsia (increased thirst and intake)

Question 14

gluconeogensis causes what to be increased in the blood?

Answer 14

protein and lipid metobabolites

Question 15

an accumulation of ketones may cause what?

Answer 15

Ketoacidosis

Question 16

Main manifestations of diabetes

Answer 16

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss (cals lost in the urine)

Question 17

Acute manifestations of diabetes

Answer 17

hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemia

Question 18

Chronic manifestations of diabetes

Answer 18

vascular damage, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, prone to infections