Diabetes

Question 1

How many mmol/L is the renal threshold?

Answer 1

10 mmol/L

Question 2

If the renal threshold is exceeded what will occur?

Answer 2

glucose will appear in the filtrate/urine

Question 3

If the concentration of the filtrate is higher what will occur?

Answer 3

fluid will move from the blood into the filtrate

Question 4

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 4

the break down of lipids and proteins for glucose

Question 5

What is increased in the filtrate that causes fluid to enter?

Answer 5

osmotic pressure

Question 6

what is polyuria

Answer 6

an increase in urine volume and therefore frequency

Question 7

what is polydipsia

Answer 7

excessive thirst and fluid intake

Question 8

When lipids and proteins are metabolized there is an increase of what in the blood?

Answer 8

protein and lipid metabolites

Question 9

an example of a lipid metabolite is?

Answer 9

ketones

Question 10

accumulation of ketones causes….?

Answer 10

ketoacidosis and ketoneuria

Question 11

What are the three main manifestations of diabetes?

Answer 11

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Question 12

Why does polyphagia occur

Answer 12

occurs when calories are lost in the urine (body then wants to eat more)

Question 13

other types of manifestations occur under what two categories?

Answer 13

Acute and Chronic

Question 14

what are the three components of the acute manifestations of diabetes?

Answer 14

Hypoglycemia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Question 15

what causes hypoglycemia?

Answer 15

usually in type 1, missed meals, increased insulin, and over exertion

Question 16

How do you treat hypoglycemia ?

Answer 16

15g of CHO p.o

20g of CHO p.o (less than 2.8 mol/L)

Question 17

What is diabetic keotacidosis?

Answer 17

the body is not receiving enough glucose for the cells (super low insulin level) so the body starts to undergo lipolysis (break down of fats) FFA breakdown and a byproduct of this is ketones. An increase of ketones in the blood is a type of metabolic acidosis and may lead to CNS depression and then a coma

Question 18

What are causes of a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?

Answer 18

increased CHO intake, and increased insulin resistance

Question 19

What occurs in the body during a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state?

Answer 19

Severe hyperglycemia causes an increase of osmolartity in the blood d/t the increased concentration. Fluid shifts from the cells to the interstitial space to the blood. This increase of glucose exceeds the RT - glucose moves into the filtrate causing glycosuria which draws fluid from the blood in to the filtrate = dehydration.

Question 20

Types of Chronic manifestations of diabetes?

Answer 20

Vascular damage, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, infections (foot infections/UTI)