Diabetes Flashcards
How many mmol/L is the renal threshold?
10 mmol/L
If the renal threshold is exceeded what will occur?
glucose will appear in the filtrate/urine
If the concentration of the filtrate is higher what will occur?
fluid will move from the blood into the filtrate
what is gluconeogenesis
the break down of lipids and proteins for glucose
What is increased in the filtrate that causes fluid to enter?
osmotic pressure
what is polyuria
an increase in urine volume and therefore frequency
what is polydipsia
excessive thirst and fluid intake
When lipids and proteins are metabolized there is an increase of what in the blood?
protein and lipid metabolites
an example of a lipid metabolite is?
ketones
accumulation of ketones causes….?
ketoacidosis and ketoneuria
What are the three main manifestations of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
Why does polyphagia occur
occurs when calories are lost in the urine (body then wants to eat more)
other types of manifestations occur under what two categories?
Acute and Chronic
what are the three components of the acute manifestations of diabetes?
Hypoglycemia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
what causes hypoglycemia?
usually in type 1, missed meals, increased insulin, and over exertion
How do you treat hypoglycemia ?
15g of CHO p.o
20g of CHO p.o (less than 2.8 mol/L)
What is diabetic keotacidosis?
the body is not receiving enough glucose for the cells (super low insulin level) so the body starts to undergo lipolysis (break down of fats) FFA breakdown and a byproduct of this is ketones. An increase of ketones in the blood is a type of metabolic acidosis and may lead to CNS depression and then a coma
What are causes of a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
increased CHO intake, and increased insulin resistance
What occurs in the body during a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state?
Severe hyperglycemia causes an increase of osmolartity in the blood d/t the increased concentration. Fluid shifts from the cells to the interstitial space to the blood. This increase of glucose exceeds the RT - glucose moves into the filtrate causing glycosuria which draws fluid from the blood in to the filtrate = dehydration.
Types of Chronic manifestations of diabetes?
Vascular damage, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, infections (foot infections/UTI)
