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Patho 252 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

what is anemia

A

hb or rbc deficiency

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2
Q

etiology of anemia

A

defective erythropoiesis
increased hemolysis
loss of blood

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3
Q

Pathology of anemia

A

abnormal rbc structure, function and number leads to a decrease in 02 carrying capacity which may lead to hypoxia

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4
Q

Manifestations of Anemia

A 
systemic hypoxia (acidosis)
dyspnea, palpitations, chronic fatigue 
in more severe cases there may be dizziness, headaches and sensitivity to cold
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5
Q

why would you have a sensitivity to cold in regards to anemia

A

Cells undergo metabolism (when you break bonds heat is produced), when systemic hypoxia is occurring there is less ATP therefore less metabolism

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6
Q

what are the 7 different types of anemia

A 
Iron deficiency
VB12 and folic acid deficiency
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
hemolytic anemia
hemorrhagic anemia
sickle cell anemia
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7
Q

what is the most common type of anemia

A

iron deficient anemia

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8
Q

why does our body need iron

A

iron helps bind 02 to the RBC

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9
Q

why would iron deficient anemia occur

A

inadequate intake of iron or a loss of iron

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10
Q

why is a CBC not the test of choice in regards to diagnosis iron deficient anemia

A

the quantity of rbc is normal, it is the structure that is altered

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11
Q

how do you treat iron def. anemia

A

give iron p.o for 4-6 months

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12
Q

why does our body need vitB12 and folic acid

A

needed for cell division

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13
Q

impaired RBC, WBC, and platelets occur from what

A

abnormal cell division and DNA synthesis

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14
Q

pernicious anemia is lacking the intrinsic factor due to what

A

damaged gastric mucosa

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15
Q

what is the intrinsic factor used for

A

absorption of B12

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16
Q

how do you treat pernicious anemia

A

high dose of b12 for passive absorption in the duodenum

17
Q

Aplasta anemia is caused by what

A

decreased production of cells due to autoimmune disorders, long periods of contact with radiation and toxic chemicals
other is unknown (idiopathic)

18
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

premature or excessive hemolysis of cells

19
Q

why is jaundice a manifestation of hemolytic anemia

A

rbc are removed by the spleen- liver then breaks down hb to globin, iron, and heme- heme is excreted as bilirubin
when there is an increase breakdown of RBC an increase of bilirubin occurs (creating the yellow colouring)

20
Q

other manifestations of hemolytic anemia is

A

splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

21
Q

what are the two types of hemorrhagic anemia

A

Chronic and acute

22
Q

what is acute hemorrhagic anemia

A

rapid loss of whole blood

the severity depends on the site, rate and volume lost

23
Q

what is chronic hemorrhagic anemia

A

gradual/ongoing loss of whole blood

24
Q

what are some causes of chronic hemorrhagic anemia

A

prolonged or heavy menses
bleeding peptic ulcers
CA lesions in GI tract
hemorrhoids

25
Q

etiology of sickle cell anemia

A

genetics: recessive homozygous trait (two of the same allele)

26
Q

what are hbs and hba otherwise known as

A

valine and glutamine

27
Q

what are valine and glutamine

A

amino acids in the beta chain

28
Q

what is the problem with HBS

A

HBS crystallizes upon dissociation (because its less soluble)- RBC the deforms and sickles- chronic hemolysis occurs - obstruction of the capillaries- so hypoxia occurs creating a vicious cycle

29
Q

manifestations of sickle cell anemia are

A

hemolysis
thrombosis
infarction
increased bilirubin

30
Q

what are the different ways that sickle cell anemia can be treated

A

address hypoxia (admin 02, decrease the need for 02)
provide pain relief
hypertransfusion (until 75% donor blood)
marrow/stem cell transplant
hydroxyurea (boosts levels of fetal hb -prevents from sickling)

Patho 252 (7 decks)

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