Anemia Flashcards
what is anemia
hb or rbc deficiency
etiology of anemia
defective erythropoiesis
increased hemolysis
loss of blood
Pathology of anemia
abnormal rbc structure, function and number leads to a decrease in 02 carrying capacity which may lead to hypoxia
Manifestations of Anemia
systemic hypoxia (acidosis) dyspnea, palpitations, chronic fatigue in more severe cases there may be dizziness, headaches and sensitivity to cold
why would you have a sensitivity to cold in regards to anemia
Cells undergo metabolism (when you break bonds heat is produced), when systemic hypoxia is occurring there is less ATP therefore less metabolism
what are the 7 different types of anemia
Iron deficiency VB12 and folic acid deficiency pernicious anemia aplastic anemia hemolytic anemia hemorrhagic anemia sickle cell anemia
what is the most common type of anemia
iron deficient anemia
why does our body need iron
iron helps bind 02 to the RBC
why would iron deficient anemia occur
inadequate intake of iron or a loss of iron
why is a CBC not the test of choice in regards to diagnosis iron deficient anemia
the quantity of rbc is normal, it is the structure that is altered
how do you treat iron def. anemia
give iron p.o for 4-6 months
why does our body need vitB12 and folic acid
needed for cell division
impaired RBC, WBC, and platelets occur from what
abnormal cell division and DNA synthesis
pernicious anemia is lacking the intrinsic factor due to what
damaged gastric mucosa
what is the intrinsic factor used for
absorption of B12
how do you treat pernicious anemia
high dose of b12 for passive absorption in the duodenum
Aplasta anemia is caused by what
decreased production of cells due to autoimmune disorders, long periods of contact with radiation and toxic chemicals
other is unknown (idiopathic)
what is hemolytic anemia
premature or excessive hemolysis of cells
why is jaundice a manifestation of hemolytic anemia
rbc are removed by the spleen- liver then breaks down hb to globin, iron, and heme- heme is excreted as bilirubin
when there is an increase breakdown of RBC an increase of bilirubin occurs (creating the yellow colouring)
other manifestations of hemolytic anemia is
splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
what are the two types of hemorrhagic anemia
Chronic and acute
what is acute hemorrhagic anemia
rapid loss of whole blood
the severity depends on the site, rate and volume lost
what is chronic hemorrhagic anemia
gradual/ongoing loss of whole blood
what are some causes of chronic hemorrhagic anemia
prolonged or heavy menses
bleeding peptic ulcers
CA lesions in GI tract
hemorrhoids
etiology of sickle cell anemia
genetics: recessive homozygous trait (two of the same allele)
what are hbs and hba otherwise known as
valine and glutamine
what are valine and glutamine
amino acids in the beta chain
what is the problem with HBS
HBS crystallizes upon dissociation (because its less soluble)- RBC the deforms and sickles- chronic hemolysis occurs - obstruction of the capillaries- so hypoxia occurs creating a vicious cycle
manifestations of sickle cell anemia are
hemolysis
thrombosis
infarction
increased bilirubin
what are the different ways that sickle cell anemia can be treated
address hypoxia (admin 02, decrease the need for 02)
provide pain relief
hypertransfusion (until 75% donor blood)
marrow/stem cell transplant
hydroxyurea (boosts levels of fetal hb -prevents from sickling)
