Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMSCP2 - Physiology > Endocrine Control Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine Control Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide hormones:

  • Hydrophilic

Steroid hormones:

  • HYdrophobic
  • Testosterone, estrogen, progsterone, cortisol, aldosterone

Tyrosine derived hormones:

  • Variable
  • Epinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of receptors do protein, steroid and tyrosine hormones bind?

A

Protein - cell surface receptors

Steroid - cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors

Tyrosine - nuclear receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are protein, steroid and tyrosine hormones inactivated?

A

Protein - endocytosed by cells, excreted by kidney.

Steroids - excreted in bile by liver

Tyrosine - degraded by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of hormone is dopamine?

A

Tyrosine derived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give two examples of each type of hormone

A

Protein - insulin, glucagon

Steroid - testosterone, cortisol

Tyrosine-derived - adrenaline, thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Can non-metabolic tissues secrete hormones?

Give examples.

A

Yeah.

Kidneys - EPO

Cardiac cells - ANP

Adipose tissue - leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What three points determine sensitivity and response to a hormone?

A
  1. Number of receptors
  2. Affinity of receptors
  3. Downstream signalling of molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the concent of overload desensitisation

A

Prolonged exposure to a stimulus decreases cell respones to that level of exposure. Allows receptors to respond to changes in concentration of a signal rather than absolute concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are tropic hormones vs physiological hormones?

A

Hormone that produce the effect = physiological hormones

Hormone that regulate the physiological hormone = tropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most important endocrine control axis?

A

Hypothalamus-Pituitary related axes (e.g. H-P-A adrenal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main difference between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior pituitary = glandular, produces/secretes hormones AKA adenohypophysis

Posterior pituitary = neural, DOESN’T produce hormones, AKA neurohypophysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vessels, which travel to the AP. The AP then produces and secretes hormones.

The anterior pituitary is well vascularised to pick up the hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the majority of cells of the AP?

What are some (4) minor ones?

A

Majority = Somatotropes - produce growth hormone

Minors = corticotropes (ACTH), thyrotropes (TSH) , gonadotropes (FSH, LH), lactotrope (prolactin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurons directly supply the blood supply of the posterior pituitary.

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei produce hormones, which travel down the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the PP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the main hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin - control of lactation and uterine contraction

ADH - H2O reabsorption in kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones and their effect on the pituitary?

A
  1. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) - stimulates ACTH secretion
  2. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - stimulates LH and FSH secretion
  3. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - stimulates TSH secretion
  4. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - stimulates GH secretion
  5. Somatostatin - inhibits GH secretion
17
Q

Broad function of: FSH/LH, GH, TSH, Prolactin, ACTH

A

FSH/LH - Act on gonads to produce oestrogen/progestogen + testosterone

GH - Act on Liver and body to produce IGF-1 (growth factor)

TSH - Act on thyroid to produce T3/T4

Prolactin - Breast lactation

ACTH - Act on adrenal cortex to stimulate mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and androgen secretion

18
Q

How is cholesterol brought in mitochondria?

A

Through cleavage of side chain from cholesterol to form pregnenolone

19
Q

Which two enzymes are required to create all steroids?

A

P450SCC enzyme - P450 side chain cleavage

StAR protein - steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (brings pregnenolone int mitochondria)

20
Q

What two enzyme types are involved in transformation pregnenolone into all other steroids?

A

Cytochrome P450s (redox)

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs)

21
Q

What enzyme (and substrate) is required in making testosterone?

A

Androstenedione → Testosterone

17β-HSD

22
Q

What enzymes are required to make androstenedione?

A

CYP17a1 + 3β-HSD

23
Q

What enzyme (and substrate) is required to make aldosterone?

A

Corticosterone + aldosterone synthase

24
Q

What enzyme (and substrate) is required to make progesteron?

A

3β-HSD on pregnenolone

25
Q

What enzymes (and substrate) are required to make oestrogen?

A

Aromatase converts testosterone to oestradiol.

Also require 17β-HSD to convert androstenedione to testosterone

26
Q

What is meant by rate limiting transport and rate limiting catalytic steps?

A

Rate limiting transport step = StAR

Rate limiting catalytic step = P450 SCC

27
Q

What are the 3 types of corticosteroids and their general function?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids - Regulate minerals (sodium)
  2. Glucocorticoids - Regluate glucose
  3. Sex hormones - Low activity precursors to sex hormones
28
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland and their function?

A

Adrenal cortex (outer) - produces corticosteroids

Adrenal medulla (inner) - produces catecholamines (Adrenaline, NA)

29
Q

What adrenal gland layers are dfiferent types of corticosteroids/catecholamines produced?

Give example for each

A

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Zona reticularis - sex hormones (DHEA, androstenedione)

Medulla - catecholamines (adrenaline, NA)

30
Q

Read end of Endocrine Control System II

A

pls

IMSCP2 - Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions