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A&P 2402-70 > Endocrine Cells and Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Cells and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: For the effects of hormones to be felt requires more time than for the effects of nervous regulation

A

True

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2
Q

T or F: The sells turcica contains the pituitary gland.

A

True

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3
Q

T or F: Generally, hormones made of protein should be taken by mouth for best effect.

A

False

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4
Q

T or F: Only protein bound T3 is physiologically active

A

False

-only unbound T3 is physiologically active

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5
Q

The pituitary gland is located in the:

a) Skull
b) Thoracic cavity
c) Abdominal cavity
d) Throat

A

a) skull

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6
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone is secreted by the:

a) primary follicle of ovary
b) hypothalamus
c) anterior pituitary
d) posterior pituitary

A

b) hypothalamus

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7
Q

Secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by:

a) hypothalamic releasing hormone
b) adrenal glucocorticoids
c) alcohol
d) thyrocalcitonin

A

a) hypothalamic releasing hormone

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8
Q

The function of prolactin is to:

a) cause ovulation
b) stimulate milk production
c) stimulate coitus
d) stimulate milk ejection

A

b) stimulate milk production

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9
Q

An increase in plasma calcium concentration will:

a) decrease TSH secretion
b) decrease thyrocalcitonin secretion
c) decrease parathyroid secretion
d) all of the above

A

c) decrease parathyroid secretion

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10
Q

Which organ is most often responsible of catabolism of hormones?

a) stomach
b) uterus
c) liver
d) brain

A

c) liver

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11
Q

Cortisol does NOT:

a) suppress the immune system
b) suppress inflammation
c) protect body from infections
d) protect body from stress
e) increase the blood glucose concentration

A

c) protect body from infections

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12
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion of:

a) thyrocalcitonin
b) parathyroid hormone
c) T3 and T4
d) cortisol

A

c) T3 and T4

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13
Q

Parathyroid hormone normally will:

a) increase bone formation
b) decrease bone formation
c) has no effect on bone formation
d) decrease blood volume

A

b) decrease bone formation

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14
Q

If growth hormone and thyroid hormones cause the surge of growth following birth, the surge of growth at puberty is mainly caused by:

a) growth hormones
b) thyroid hormone
c) cortisol
d) androgens

A

d) androgens

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15
Q

What 2 organ systems is the body regulated by?

A

neural & endocrine system

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16
Q

What are the three modes of signaling?

A

1) endocrine
2) paracrine system
3) autocrine system

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17
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers

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18
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

through ductless glands

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19
Q

Hormones means…

A

“to stimulate”

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20
Q

What are the three groups in the chemical nature of hormones?

A

proteinaceous
steroids
other

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21
Q

Hormone secretion regulation is usually by

A

negative feedback

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22
Q

Hormone catabolism happens in the

A

liver and kidneys

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23
Q

What happens to the catabolites

A

recycled, voided in urine, feces, sweat

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24
Q

Hypothalamus makes three types of hormones

A
  1. posterior pituitary hormone
  2. releasing hormones
  3. inhibitory hormones
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25
Q

What hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin

anti-diuretic hormones (ADH)

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26
Q

What is oxytocin produced by?

A

neurons

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27
Q

Where is oxytocin stored?

A

posterior pituitary

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28
Q

What does oxytocin target?

A

mammary glands

uterine smooth muscles

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29
Q

What does oxytocin function?

A
  • milk ejection from mammary glans

- contraction of uterus for birth and sperm transport

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30
Q

What is secretion stimuli of oxytocin?

A
  • suckling reflex
  • coitus (sexual intercourse)
  • birth
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31
Q

What are oxytocin’s medical uses?

A

-induce labor (Pitocin)

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32
Q

ADH is produced by?

A

a neuron

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33
Q

ADH is stored in…

A

posterior pituitary

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34
Q

ADH target is…

A

kidney

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35
Q

ADH’s function is…

A

reabsorption of H2O

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36
Q

ADH’s secretion stimuli is…

A
  1. decrease blood pressure

2. dehydration

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37
Q

Secretion inhibition of ADH is

A

alcohol consumption

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38
Q

Disease caused by ADH deficiency

A

Diabetes Insipidus- polyuria or polydipsia

Diabetes Mellitus- increase in glucose

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39
Q

The 6 Anterior Pituitary hormones include…

A 
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
prolactin hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GW)
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40
Q

ACTH is produced by:

A

endocrine cells

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41
Q

ACTH’s target is…

A

adrenal cortex

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42
Q

ACTH’s function is to…

A

stimulate secretion of glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol) from adrenal cortex

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43
Q

ACTH’s secretion stimuli is….

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone (HRH)

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44
Q

Secretion Inhibition of ACTH is…

This is a good example of

A

glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol)

negative feedback

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45
Q

TSH is produced by

A

endocrine cells

46
Q

TSH’s target is

A

thyroid gland of follicular cells

47
Q

TSH’s function is…

A

to increase t3 and t4 hormone secretion from thyroid gland

48
Q

TSH’s secretion stimuli is…

A

HRH

decrease in t3 and t4

49
Q

TSH’s secretion inhibition is…

This is a good example of

A

increase of t3 and t4 in blood

negative feedback

50
Q

Prolactin Hormone is produced by

A

endocrine cells

51
Q

Prolactin Hormone’s target is…

A

mammary glands

52
Q

Prolactin Hormone’s function is…

A
  • increase in milk production and secretion

- decrease in ovulation (in lactating female)

53
Q

Prolactin Hormone’s secretion stimuli is…

A

HRH

Nursing

54
Q

Secretion Inhibition of Prolactin Hormone

A

hypothalamic inhibiting hormone (HIH)

55
Q

FSH is produced by…

A

endocrine cell

56
Q

FSH target in male and females

A

male- testis
female- ovaries

both of these are gonads

57
Q

FSH function in males and females

A

males- stimulates spermatogenesis
female:
-stimulates growth & maturation of ovarian follicles
-estrogen is made by ovarian follicle

58
Q

FSH secretion stimuli

A

HRH

59
Q

FSH secretion inhibition in males and females

A

males- inhibition hormone from testis

stops overproduction of sperm

females- estrogen hormone from ovarian follicle of ovary

60
Q

LH is produced by

A

endocrine cells

61
Q

LH’s target in males and females are

A

male- testis

female- ovaries

62
Q

LH’s function in male and female is…

A

male- increase in testosterone hormone synthesis and secretion
female:
- increase estrogen and progesterone synthesis and secretion
- luteinization of follicle

63
Q

LH’s secretion stimuli is…

A

HRH

64
Q

LH’s secretion inhibition…

A

male- testosterone

female- estrogen

65
Q

GW is produced by…

A

endocrine cells

66
Q

GW’s target is

A

general soma and liver

67
Q

GW’s functions…

A
  1. indirectly increased body growth (provide building blocks)
  2. increase somatomedin hormone from liver
68
Q

GW’s secretion stimuli..

A

HRH

69
Q

GW’s secretion inhibition…

A
  1. HIH

2. growth hormone (negative feedback)

70
Q

Hormones that effect calcium in the body

A

PHT, CT, Vitamin D

71
Q

Calcium is required for…

A
  1. blood coagulation
  2. muscle contraction
  3. nerve conduction
  4. bone & teeth structure
  5. most cellular functions
72
Q

Plasma calcium is controlled by 3 hormones

A
  1. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  2. thyrocalcitonin (TCT)(CT)
  3. vitamin D
73
Q

PTH is produced by…

A

parathyroid glands

74
Q

PTH’s target is…

A

mainly bones

kidneys

75
Q

PTH’s function is…

A

increase in plasma calcium

76
Q

PTH’s mechanism..

A

decrease in calcium, increase reabsorption of calcium from renal filtrate of kidney which leads to an increase in blood calcium

77
Q

PTH’s catabolism is in

A

liver and kidney

78
Q

PTH’s secretion stimuli

A

decrease of plasma calcium

79
Q

Vitamin D3 is produced by:

A

inactive precursor by skin in response to UV light

80
Q

Vitamin D3 target…

A

mainly bone and gut

81
Q

Vitamin D3 function…

A

increase calcium

82
Q

Vitamin D3 catabolism…

A

kidney

83
Q

Vitamin D3 secretion stimuli…

A

UV light (sunlight)

84
Q

TCT (CT) is produced by…

A

thyroid parafollicular cells

85
Q

TCT (CT) target..

A

bone

86
Q

TCT (CT) function…

A

decrease plasma Ca

87
Q

TCT (CT) mechanism…

A

increase bone Ca

88
Q

TCT (CT) catabolism…

A

mainly kidney

89
Q

TCT (CT) secretion stimuli

A

increase Ca, such as after a meal w/ lots of calcium

ex: dairy

90
Q

TCT (CT) is a ____ hormone in people

A

weak

91
Q

adrenal gland hormone

A
  1. glucocorticoid (cortisol/ hydrocortisone)
  2. mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
  3. sex - steroids - male & female
92
Q

aldosterone’s target

A

kidney

93
Q

aldosterone’s direct function

A

increase in plasma sodium controlled by the reabsorption of Na and H2O from renal filtrate (urine)

94
Q 
aldosterone's indirect 
function 1
A

increase blood volume (BV) by increase osmotic pressure of blood and retaining more H2O

95
Q

aldosterone’s indirect function 2

A

increase blood pressure by increase in BV

96
Q

aldosterone’s 4 secretion stimuli

A
  1. decrease BP
  2. decrease plasma Na
  3. increase ACTH
  4. increase angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor
97
Q

aldosterone’s catabolism

A

liver

98
Q

cortisol’s target…

A

almost all cells (general soma)

99
Q

cortisol’s function…

A
  1. increase blood glucose (BG)
  2. decreased inflammation
  3. increased body’s ability to counter stress
  4. decrease immune system function
100
Q

cortisol’s secretion stimuli…

A

ACTH from ant. pit.

101
Q

What are the endocrine hormones?

A

insulin and glucagon

102
Q

insulin is produced by…

A

islets of Langerhans by beta cells of pancreas

103
Q

insulin’s target…

A

most cells body

104
Q

insulin’s function…

A
  1. decrease blood glucose “hormone of plenty”

2. increase storage of glycogen, fat, and protein

105
Q

insulin’s secretion stimuli…

A
  1. increase BG

2. neural stimulation

106
Q

insulin catabolism…

A

liver

107
Q

insulin deficiency leads to… which can cause…

A

diabetes mellitus

1. polyuna and polydipsia

108
Q

glucagon is produced by

A

islets of Langerhans by alpha cells

109
Q

glucagon’s target is…

A

most body tissues

110
Q

glucagon function…

A
  1. increase BG

2. increase glycogenesis in liver

111
Q

glucagon secretion stimuli…

A
  1. decrease BG

2. neural stimulation

112
Q

glucagon catabolism…

A

liver

A&P 2402-70 (3 decks)

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