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A&P 2402-70 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport system to get blood and its constituent to and from all tissues and organs of the body

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3
Q

arteries…

A

carry blood away from the heart to tissues of the body

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4
Q

pulmonary arteries…

A

carry oxygen poor blood

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5
Q

systemic artery…

A

carry oxygen rich blood

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6
Q

veins…

A

carry blood to heart

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7
Q

capillaries connect

A

arteries to veins

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8
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • two superior atria

- two inferior ventricles

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9
Q

atria =

A

the receiving chambers

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10
Q

ventricles =

A

discharging chamber

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11
Q

heart gets its blood supply from

A

coronary arteries

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12
Q

fat around the heart is a

A

thermogenic property

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13
Q

cardiac muscles bundles in the myocardium serve to

A
  • muscles wrap around the heart to reduce torque

- wrings blood up and out from the heart beginning at the apex

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14
Q

systole is when…

A

muscles contract

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15
Q

diastole is when…

A

muscles are relaxed

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16
Q

cardiac cycle is controlled

A

electrically

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17
Q

SA node stands for

A

sinoatrial node

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18
Q

SA node is the..

A
  • pacemaker

- origin of heartbeat

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19
Q

3 things that describe the SA node

A
  1. modified cardiac muscle
  2. spontaneously generates an electrical signal
  3. sets heartbeat as right and left atria contract
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20
Q

AV node stands for

A

atrioventricular node

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21
Q

AV node conducts

A

signal to bundle of His, which divides into bundle branches

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22
Q

2 things that describe Purkinje Fibers

A
  1. impulses conducted leads to ventricles contracting

2. blood sent up through and out of the arteries

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23
Q

Why is the SA node the pacemaker?

A

it discharges more frequently

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24
Q

Starling’s Law of the heart states that

A

stretching of the cardiac muscle leads to stronger contraction so by overfilling a ventricle they contract more strongly increasing stroke volume, if there is a decrease in ventricle filling then that will decrease stroke volume.

This is an automatic, self regulating response of cardiac muscle

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25
Q

regulation of heart beat happens through…

A
  1. spontaneous discharge of SA and AV nodes
  2. Frank-Starling Principle
  3. autonomic nervous system
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26
Q

How does the SANS regulate heartbeat?

A

increase rate of contraction and increase force of contraction, therefore it leads to increase heart rate and increased stroke volume

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27
Q

How does the PANS regulate heartbeat?

A

decreased rate of contraction and increased force of contraction, therefore it leads to decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume

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28
Q

the cardiac reflexes are

A
  1. brainbridge reflex of the right atrium

2. baroreceptor reflex in aortic arch and carotid sinus

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29
Q

Explain the process of the baroreceptor reflex under conditions of decreased blood pressure and increased blood pressure

A
  1. decreased BP
    • increase SANS leads to increase heart rate and force of contraction leading to increase in BP
  2. increased BP
    • increase PANS leads to decreased heart rate and force of contraction leading to decreased BP
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30
Q

The heart is a

A

modified blood vessel

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31
Q

arteries and veins are made up of

A
  1. tunica interna (tunica intima)
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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32
Q

the tunica interna…

A
  • is made up of endothelium

- lines all blood vessels

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33
Q

the tunica media is mainly

A

smooth muscle and external elastic lamina

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34
Q

the tunica externa is primarily…

A

connective tissue

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35
Q

What is the relationship of blood vessels to lymphatic vessels?

A

elastic and muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> small and large veins

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36
Q

arteries purpose is to

A

get blood to capillaries

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37
Q

veins purpose is to

A

take blood away from capillaries

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38
Q

in the capillaries…

A
  1. nutrients leave blood and feed tissue

2. waste materials from tissues goes into blood to be carried away

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39
Q

Three different types of capillary structures

A
  1. continuous capillary
  2. fenestrated capillary
  3. sinusoid capillary
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40
Q

fenestrated capillary is mainly found in the

A

kidneys

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41
Q

kidney fenestrations…

A
  1. filter blood

2. make urine

42
Q

sinusoid capillary is mainly found in the

A

liver

43
Q

the capillary structure in the liver has…

A

an incomplete basement membrane with large gaps between the endothelial cells thus giving it the ability to remove cells from blood and destroy then

44
Q

blood cells can live for about

A

120 days

45
Q

a vascular shunt is

A

contraction of sphincters

46
Q

What happens to blood flow when sphincters contract?

A

it allows blood to bypass true capillaries and thus tissue cells

47
Q

venous valves are…

A

one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart

48
Q

failure of one-way valves causes development of?

A

varicose veins

49
Q

to counteract varicose veins it helpful to…

A

elevate feet to counteract

50
Q

arteries are…

A

round, thick wall, small lumen

51
Q

veins have…

A

a thin wall, big lumen, shape is affected by blood

52
Q

More blood resides in the…

A

venous side

53
Q

Where is it best place to take BP? Give some examples

A

best place: near a large elastic artery

ex: brachium or thigh

54
Q

systolic pressure is caused by…

A

left ventricular systole (contraction)

55
Q

diastolic pressure is caused by…

A

recoil of elastic tissue in aortic arch

56
Q

aorta acts as

A

a subsidiary pump

57
Q

hepatic portal system…

A

stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> absorbed into hepatic portal system -> liver: works on what is absorbed -> inferior vena cava through hepatic veins

58
Q

How much of our body weight is blood?

A

6 to 8 percent

59
Q

What are the eight functions of blood?

A
  1. transport of gas
  2. transport of nutrients
  3. transport of waste
  4. thermoregulation
  5. hemostasis
  6. protection
  7. pH regulation
  8. facilitate homeostasis
60
Q

What gasses are transported in the blood?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

61
Q

What nutrients are transported in the blood?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
62
Q

What is the distribution of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins?

A
  • 25% in arteries
  • 10% in capillaries
  • 65% in veins
63
Q

veins serve as a

A

blood’s reservoir

64
Q

plasma is makes up…

A

55% of whole blood and has 90% H2O

65
Q

after clotting plasma is called…

A

serum

66
Q

plasma is considered serum with the loss of

A

proteins such as fibrin

67
Q

formed elements make up ____ of blood

A

about 45%

68
Q

the three formed elements are….

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. leukocytes
  3. thrombocytes
69
Q

the buffy white coat contains…

A

leukocytes and platelets

70
Q

erythrocytes make up ____ of blood.

A

about 45%

71
Q

erythrocytes are…

A

red blood cells that transport O2

72
Q

hematocrit are

A

packed red blood cells volume

73
Q

thrombocytes (platelets)

A

not a cell but bits and pieces of cytoplasm

74
Q

thrombocytes are responsible for…

A

blood clotting

75
Q

hemopoiesis is

A

the production of blood cells

76
Q

erythropoiesis is

A

the production of red blood cells (takes about 5 days)

77
Q

erythropoietin hormone stimulates

A

production of RBCs

78
Q

source of RBCs

A
  1. ) 1st trimester - yolk sac
  2. ) 2nd trimester - liver and spleen
  3. ) 3rd trimester - bone marrow
  4. ) adults - bone marrow and esp. flat bones (ex: sternum)
79
Q

erythrocyte is basically…

A

a plasma membrane sack filled w/ hemoglobin

80
Q

destruction of old and damaged RBCs…

A
  1. takes place of liver

2. Kupffer cells of liver detect the damaged RBCs

81
Q

Anemia is?

A

where blood cannot provide sufficient O2 to tissues

82
Q

What are the three types of anemia?

A
  1. decreased # of circulating RBCs -#
  2. decreased amount of hemoglobin -content
  3. decreased RBC size or shape -size
83
Q

leukocytes’ overall function is…

A

protection of body from invading organisms, toxic substances, & abnormal proteins

84
Q

different WBC are…and their percentage is…

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  1. neutrophils = 62%
  2. lymphocytes = 30%
  3. monocytes = 5%
  4. eosinophils = 2%
  5. basophils = <1%
85
Q

leukocytosis…

A

increases # of circulating WBCs

86
Q

neutrophils characteristics…

A

a. limited phagocytosis

b. bacteria slayers

87
Q

basophils secrete…

A
  • heparin (anticoagulant)
  • histamine (increase vasodilation and permeability)
  • bradykinin (increase vasopermeability and most potent pain)
  • serotonin (increases vasopermeability)
88
Q

monocytes are

A
  • tissue macrophages

- undergo unlimited phagocytosis

89
Q

eosinophils…

A
  1. clean up mess after infection has stopped
  2. weak phagocytes
  3. detoxify abnormal proteins
  4. reduce clotting
  5. remove & detoxify histamine, bradykinin, seratonin
  6. kill parasites
90
Q

methods of hemostasis…

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet aggregation
  3. coagulation
91
Q

True or false: Baroreceptors respond to a change in blood volume.

A

False: change in blood pressure

92
Q

True or False: An ECG P wave occurs during atrial systole.

A

True: the P wave represents atrial depolarization and subsequent atrial systole

93
Q

True or False: Cigarette smoking will decrease the likelihood of platelet aggregation.

A

False: Cigarette smoking predisposes the body to platelet aggregation

94
Q

T/F: In a normal differential white blood cell count, ~62% of WBCs will be basophils.

A

False: ~62% will be neutrophils

95
Q

The major function of monocytes is to:

a. phagocytize
b. coagulate blood
c. detoxify histamine
d. secrete heparin

A

a. phagocytize

96
Q

What is the primary function of thrombocytes?

A

blood clotting (hemostasis)

97
Q

What organ is most responsible for secreting erythropoietin?

A

kidneys

98
Q

Erythropoietin allows for

A

red blood cell production

99
Q

What is one general function of ensinophils?

A

detoxification

100
Q

What protein does HIV bind to on human cells?

A

CD4 (a proteinaceous receptor)

101
Q

HIV replicates inside which type of cells?

A

Helper T4 lymphocytes

A&P 2402-70 (3 decks)

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