Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
A
heart and blood vessels
2
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
A
transport system to get blood and its constituent to and from all tissues and organs of the body
3
Q
arteries…
A
carry blood away from the heart to tissues of the body
4
Q
pulmonary arteries…
A
carry oxygen poor blood
5
Q
systemic artery…
A
carry oxygen rich blood
6
Q
veins…
A
carry blood to heart
7
Q
capillaries connect
A
arteries to veins
8
Q
What are the four chambers of the heart?
A
- two superior atria
- two inferior ventricles
9
Q
atria =
A
the receiving chambers
10
Q
ventricles =
A
discharging chamber
11
Q
heart gets its blood supply from
A
coronary arteries
12
Q
fat around the heart is a
A
thermogenic property
13
Q
cardiac muscles bundles in the myocardium serve to
A
- muscles wrap around the heart to reduce torque
- wrings blood up and out from the heart beginning at the apex
14
Q
systole is when…
A
muscles contract
15
Q
diastole is when…
A
muscles are relaxed
16
Q
cardiac cycle is controlled
A
electrically
17
Q
SA node stands for
A
sinoatrial node
18
Q
SA node is the..
A
- pacemaker
- origin of heartbeat
19
Q
3 things that describe the SA node
A
- modified cardiac muscle
- spontaneously generates an electrical signal
- sets heartbeat as right and left atria contract
20
Q
AV node stands for
A
atrioventricular node
21
Q
AV node conducts
A
signal to bundle of His, which divides into bundle branches
22
Q
2 things that describe Purkinje Fibers
A
- impulses conducted leads to ventricles contracting
2. blood sent up through and out of the arteries
23
Q
Why is the SA node the pacemaker?
A
it discharges more frequently
24
Q
Starling’s Law of the heart states that
A
stretching of the cardiac muscle leads to stronger contraction so by overfilling a ventricle they contract more strongly increasing stroke volume, if there is a decrease in ventricle filling then that will decrease stroke volume.
This is an automatic, self regulating response of cardiac muscle
25
regulation of heart beat happens through...
1. spontaneous discharge of SA and AV nodes
2. Frank-Starling Principle
3. autonomic nervous system
26
How does the SANS regulate heartbeat?
increase rate of contraction and increase force of contraction, therefore it leads to increase heart rate and increased stroke volume
27
How does the PANS regulate heartbeat?
decreased rate of contraction and increased force of contraction, therefore it leads to decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume
28
the cardiac reflexes are
1. brainbridge reflex of the right atrium
| 2. baroreceptor reflex in aortic arch and carotid sinus
29
Explain the process of the baroreceptor reflex under conditions of decreased blood pressure and increased blood pressure
1. decreased BP
- increase SANS leads to increase heart rate and force of contraction leading to increase in BP
2. increased BP
- increase PANS leads to decreased heart rate and force of contraction leading to decreased BP
30
The heart is a
modified blood vessel
31
arteries and veins are made up of
1. tunica interna (tunica intima)
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa
32
the tunica interna...
- is made up of endothelium
| - lines all blood vessels
33
the tunica media is mainly
smooth muscle and external elastic lamina
34
the tunica externa is primarily...
connective tissue
35
What is the relationship of blood vessels to lymphatic vessels?
elastic and muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> small and large veins
36
arteries purpose is to
get blood to capillaries
37
veins purpose is to
take blood away from capillaries
38
in the capillaries...
1. nutrients leave blood and feed tissue
| 2. waste materials from tissues goes into blood to be carried away
39
Three different types of capillary structures
1. continuous capillary
2. fenestrated capillary
3. sinusoid capillary
40
fenestrated capillary is mainly found in the
kidneys
41
kidney fenestrations...
1. filter blood
| 2. make urine
42
sinusoid capillary is mainly found in the
liver
43
the capillary structure in the liver has...
an incomplete basement membrane with large gaps between the endothelial cells thus giving it the ability to remove cells from blood and destroy then
44
blood cells can live for about
120 days
45
a vascular shunt is
contraction of sphincters
46
What happens to blood flow when sphincters contract?
it allows blood to bypass true capillaries and thus tissue cells
47
venous valves are...
one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart
48
failure of one-way valves causes development of?
varicose veins
49
to counteract varicose veins it helpful to...
elevate feet to counteract
50
arteries are...
round, thick wall, small lumen
51
veins have...
a thin wall, big lumen, shape is affected by blood
52
More blood resides in the...
venous side
53
Where is it best place to take BP? Give some examples
best place: near a large elastic artery
ex: brachium or thigh
54
systolic pressure is caused by...
left ventricular systole (contraction)
55
diastolic pressure is caused by...
recoil of elastic tissue in aortic arch
56
aorta acts as
a subsidiary pump
57
hepatic portal system...
stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> absorbed into hepatic portal system -> liver: works on what is absorbed -> inferior vena cava through hepatic veins
58
How much of our body weight is blood?
6 to 8 percent
59
What are the eight functions of blood?
1. transport of gas
2. transport of nutrients
3. transport of waste
4. thermoregulation
5. hemostasis
6. protection
7. pH regulation
8. facilitate homeostasis
60
What gasses are transported in the blood?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
61
What nutrients are transported in the blood?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
62
What is the distribution of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins?
- 25% in arteries
- 10% in capillaries
- 65% in veins
63
veins serve as a
blood's reservoir
64
plasma is makes up...
55% of whole blood and has 90% H2O
65
after clotting plasma is called...
serum
66
plasma is considered serum with the loss of
proteins such as fibrin
67
formed elements make up ____ of blood
about 45%
68
the three formed elements are....
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
3. thrombocytes
69
the buffy white coat contains...
leukocytes and platelets
70
erythrocytes make up ____ of blood.
about 45%
71
erythrocytes are...
red blood cells that transport O2
72
hematocrit are
packed red blood cells volume
73
thrombocytes (platelets)
not a cell but bits and pieces of cytoplasm
74
thrombocytes are responsible for...
blood clotting
75
hemopoiesis is
the production of blood cells
76
erythropoiesis is
the production of red blood cells (takes about 5 days)
77
erythropoietin hormone stimulates
production of RBCs
78
source of RBCs
1. ) 1st trimester - yolk sac
2. ) 2nd trimester - liver and spleen
3. ) 3rd trimester - bone marrow
4. ) adults - bone marrow and esp. flat bones (ex: sternum)
79
erythrocyte is basically...
a plasma membrane sack filled w/ hemoglobin
80
destruction of old and damaged RBCs...
1. takes place of liver
| 2. Kupffer cells of liver detect the damaged RBCs
81
Anemia is?
where blood cannot provide sufficient O2 to tissues
82
What are the three types of anemia?
1. decreased # of circulating RBCs -#
2. decreased amount of hemoglobin -content
3. decreased RBC size or shape -size
83
leukocytes' overall function is...
protection of body from invading organisms, toxic substances, & abnormal proteins
84
different WBC are...and their percentage is...
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
1. neutrophils = 62%
2. lymphocytes = 30%
3. monocytes = 5%
4. eosinophils = 2%
5. basophils = <1%
85
leukocytosis...
increases # of circulating WBCs
86
neutrophils characteristics...
a. limited phagocytosis
| b. bacteria slayers
87
basophils secrete...
- heparin (anticoagulant)
- histamine (increase vasodilation and permeability)
- bradykinin (increase vasopermeability and most potent pain)
- serotonin (increases vasopermeability)
88
monocytes are
- tissue macrophages
| - undergo unlimited phagocytosis
89
eosinophils...
1. clean up mess after infection has stopped
2. weak phagocytes
3. detoxify abnormal proteins
4. reduce clotting
5. remove & detoxify histamine, bradykinin, seratonin
6. kill parasites
90
methods of hemostasis...
1. vasoconstriction
2. platelet aggregation
3. coagulation
91
True or false: Baroreceptors respond to a change in blood volume.
False: change in blood pressure
92
True or False: An ECG P wave occurs during atrial systole.
True: the P wave represents atrial depolarization and subsequent atrial systole
93
True or False: Cigarette smoking will decrease the likelihood of platelet aggregation.
False: Cigarette smoking predisposes the body to platelet aggregation
94
T/F: In a normal differential white blood cell count, ~62% of WBCs will be basophils.
False: ~62% will be neutrophils
95
The major function of monocytes is to:
a. phagocytize
b. coagulate blood
c. detoxify histamine
d. secrete heparin
a. phagocytize
96
What is the primary function of thrombocytes?
blood clotting (hemostasis)
97
What organ is most responsible for secreting erythropoietin?
kidneys
98
Erythropoietin allows for
red blood cell production
99
What is one general function of ensinophils?
detoxification
100
What protein does HIV bind to on human cells?
CD4 (a proteinaceous receptor)
101
HIV replicates inside which type of cells?
Helper T4 lymphocytes
