Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
How does food get into the body?
A
by absorption
2
Q
What is the digestive system?
A
“tube” leading from one end to another
3
Q
What are the three parts of the tonsils?
A
- pharyngeal
- palatine
- lingual
4
Q
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
A
it is not connected to any other bone
5
Q
What is the function of the epiglottis?
A
it closes the trachea when swollowing
6
Q
What is the function if the uvula?
A
it closes off the nasopharynx when swallowing
7
Q
What are the three types of salivary glands?
A
- parotid
- sublingual
- submandibular
8
Q
What does the parotid gland secrete and what’s its function?
A
the amylase enzyme
function: helps w/ digestion
9
Q
What does the sublingual gland secrete and what’s its function?
A
mucin
function: make saliva slimy and slick
10
Q
What does the submandibular gland secrete?
A
both amylase and mucin
11
Q
the cardiac sphincter is known as a ______ sphincter.
A
functional
12
Q
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
A
to keep stomach contents in the stomach
13
Q
The pyloric sphincter is know as a ______ sphincter.
A
real
14
Q
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
A
to control stomach emptying
15
Q
Chyne is a term used when…
A
food has been digested by digestive enzymes
16
Q
What is the rugae?
A
large longitudinal folds in mucous membrane
17
Q
The ruage allows for..
A
expansion of the stomach as needed
18
Q
What are the 3 functions of the small intestines?
A
- a major digestive organ
- where digestion is completed
- almost all absorption occurs here
19
Q
What are the three divisions of the small intestines?
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
20
Q
villi
A
increases surface area for digestion
21
Q
villi in the small intestine have
A
microvilli for even more secretion and absorption
22
Q
The 2 functions of large intestines are?
A
- absorb most of remaining H2O from indigestible food residues
- eliminate indigestible good residues
23
Q
The 5 subdivision of the large intestine are?
A
- cecum
- appendix
- colon
- rectum
- anal canal
24
Q
What is the function of the ileocecal valve?
A
allows digested material to pass from small intestines to large intestines
25
the ascending colon is made of what two structures?
1. cecum
| 2. vermiform appendix
26
The internal anal sphincter is controlled by the _____ which means it is under _____ control.
ANS
involuntary
27
The external anal sphincter is controlled by the _____ which means it is under _____ control.
pudenal nerve
voluntary control
28
deglutition is AKA
swallowing
29
Swallowing happens in two steps, what are they?
1. info. about the food is sent to the medulla of the brain which signals for swallowing
2. tongue pushes the food back then the involuntary reflex begins
30
The three small intestine movements are...
1. segmentation
2. peristalsis
3. opening of ileo-cecal valve
31
What type of movement begins segmentation?
myogenic movement
32
What type of movement begins peristalsis?
neurogenic movement
33
How does the ileo-cecal valve open?
with a hormone called gastrin
34
The three main nutrients are...
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
35
carbohydrates are made of
carbohydrates, disaccharides, polysaccharides
36
The main monosaccharides are
glucose, fructose, and galactose
37
the main disaccharides are
lactose, sucrose, and maltose
38
the polysaccharides include
starch and glycogen
39
The GI tract ONLY absorbs what type of carbohydrates...
simple sugars like monosaccharides
40
what makes a protein?
amino acids, peptides, and polypeptides
41
The GI tract ONLY absorbs what type of proteins?
amino acids
42
a triglyceride is made of
- 3 fatty acid tails
| - a glycerol backbone
43
The GI tract mainly absorbs lipids in what manner?
- 2 free fatty acids
| - a monoglyceride
44
What are the two types of digestion?
1. physical
| 2. enzymatic
45
physical digestion includes...
mastication, milling, and segmentation
46
physical digestion increases...
surface area for enzymatic digestion
47
enzymatic digestion is VERY
pH sensitive
48
describe the mouth 's
- physical digestion
- pH
physical digestion: mastication
pH: 6-7 slightly acidic
49
There is no digestion of _____ and _____ in the mouth.
- lipids
| - proteins
50
what is digested enzymatically in the mouth?
carbs
51
what enzyme digests carbs in the mouth?
amylase
52
what type of carbs are digested through enzymes in the mouth?
starch
53
the amylase comes from...
parotid salivary gland and some from the submandibular
54
describe the stomach 's
- physical digestion
- pH
physical digestion: churning and milling
pH: 1.0-3.5
55
There is no significant digestion of _____ and _____ in the stomach.
- carbohydrates
| - lipids
56
during enzymatic digestion in the stomach chief cells and parietal cells secrete
pepsinogen -chief cells
HCl -parietal cells
57
HCl converts pepsinogen into
pepsin
58
what is pepsin?
an active digestive enzyme
59
pepsin digests proteins down to
polypeptides
60
parietal cells secrete
intrinsic factor
61
intrinsic factor is required for
absorption of vitamin B12
62
vitamin B12 is required for
erythrocyte production
63
loss of intrinsic factor results in...
pernicious anemia
64
What are the 4 types of secretion blockers for HCL?
1. histamine type 2
2. H+ proton pump inhibitor
3. synthetic prostaglandin
4. antacids/buffers
65
what is the first effective way to reduce stomach acidity?
histamine type 2 blockers
66
examples of histamine type 2 blockers are
cimetidine and ranitidine
67
the H+ pump inhibitor prevents
HCl from being pumped by proton pumps
68
examples of H+ pump inhibitor are
esomeprazole
lansoprazole
69
synthetic prostaglandin...
decreases HCl, increases mucus, increases bicarbonate
70
an example of a synthetic prostaglandin is
misoprostol
71
antacids/buffers neutralize
stomach acids
72
examples of antacids/ buffers include..
salts of aluminum and magnesium, (CaCO3)
73
describe the small intestine's
- physical digestion
- pH
physical digestion: segmentation
pH: 8-8.9 (alkaline)
74
how does segmentation occur?
food stretches' smooth muscles which then contract
75
pH in the small intestine is increased by?
- pancreatic juice from pancreas
- bile from gallbladder
- secretion from Brunner's gland
76
where is the Brunner's gland located?
in the wall of duodenum
77
enzymatic digestion of the small intestine includes...
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
78
when carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine the pancreas secretes...
amylase into duodenum
79
when carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine the duodenum...
uses amylase to break down polysaccharides
80
the polysaccharides are broken down into
dextrin + maltose
81
in the ileum dextrin is broken down by dextranase into
glucose, galactose, and lactose
82
maltose is broken down by maltase into...
2 molecules of glucose
83
lactose is broken down by lactase into
glucose + galactose
84
sucrose is broken down by sucrase into
glucose + fructose
85
what are the ratios of monosaccharide absorption in the typical diet
- glucose 80%
- galatase 10%
- fructose 10%
86
monosaccharides are absorbed into capillaries by
villi
87
What enzyme naturally decreases by age?
lactase
88
when proteins are digested by the small intestine the pancreas...
secretes peptidase into duodenum
89
when digesting proteins in the small intestine the duodenum uses peptidase to break down
proteins and polypeptides
90
when digesting proteins in the small intestine the intestinal mucosa of the ileum secretes
peptidase
91
absorption of digestible material is into the
capillaries
92
when digesting lipids in the small intestine the pancreas secretes
lipase into the duodenum
93
when digesting lipids in the small intestine the duodenum uses lipase to break down
triglycerides
94
the liver produces
bile
95
bile is stored in the
gallbladder
96
what does bile do?
it emulsifies lipids and forms micelles
97
micelles which are water soluble contain
- free fatty acids
- monoglycerides
- fat soluble vitamins
- cholesterol
98
what is the absorption process?
micelles are absorbed into mucosal cells...then chylomicrons from in mucosal cells go to liver for processing
99
chylomicrons contain...
triglycerides and cholesterol
100
chylomicrons are absorbed into
lymph vessels
101
chylomicrons transport
absorbed lipids from gut
102
chylomicrons are the lowest
density of all
103
lipoproteins transport
cholesterol to and from tissue cells in body fluids
104
lipoproteins solubilize
hydrophobic lipids
105
What percent of cholesterol is in the general tissue cells and blood?
tissue cells- 93%
| blood- 7%
106
What percent of blood cholesterol is bound to a lipoprotein
98%
107
a increase in dietary cholesterol leads to a
decrease in liver synthesis of cholesterol
108
a decrease in dietary cholesterol leads to a
increase of liver synthesis of cholesterol
109
LDL receptors in liver permit liver to
- monitor blood conc. of LDL
| - adjust cholesterol liver produces
110
an increase in dietary saturated fats can
increase liver synthesis of cholesterol
111
How does moderate exercise affect the LDL and HDL?
- decrease in LDL
| - increase in HDL
112
cholesterol is needed for what four things
1. the myelin sheath
2. making steroid hormones
3. integrity of skin
4. vitamin D
113
what is the etiology of familial hypercholesterolemia?
a mutation of gene for receptors for LDL
114
the heterozygous condition of familial hypercholesterolemia causes
1 good 1 mutated gene
115
1 good and 1 mutated gene results in
2-3 times increase in cholesterol
116
the homozygous condition of familial hypercholesterolemia causes
2 mutated genes
117
the 2 mutated genes results in...
- almost 0 LDL receptors
| - 5+ times increase in cholesterol above normal
118
a decrease in the number of LDL receptors results in
- decrease utilization of cholesterol
- increase cholesterol synthesis by liver
- increase LDL synthesis by liver
- increase blood LDL (cholesterol)
