Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2402-70 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

How does food get into the body?

A

by absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

“tube” leading from one end to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three parts of the tonsils?

A
  1. pharyngeal
  2. palatine
  3. lingual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

it is not connected to any other bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

it closes the trachea when swollowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function if the uvula?

A

it closes off the nasopharynx when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A
  1. parotid
  2. sublingual
  3. submandibular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the parotid gland secrete and what’s its function?

A

the amylase enzyme

function: helps w/ digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the sublingual gland secrete and what’s its function?

A

mucin

function: make saliva slimy and slick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the submandibular gland secrete?

A

both amylase and mucin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the cardiac sphincter is known as a ______ sphincter.

A

functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?

A

to keep stomach contents in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The pyloric sphincter is know as a ______ sphincter.

A

real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

to control stomach emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chyne is a term used when…

A

food has been digested by digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the rugae?

A

large longitudinal folds in mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ruage allows for..

A

expansion of the stomach as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 functions of the small intestines?

A
  1. a major digestive organ
  2. where digestion is completed
  3. almost all absorption occurs here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestines?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

villi

A

increases surface area for digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

villi in the small intestine have

A

microvilli for even more secretion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The 2 functions of large intestines are?

A
  1. absorb most of remaining H2O from indigestible food residues
  2. eliminate indigestible good residues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The 5 subdivision of the large intestine are?

A
  1. cecum
  2. appendix
  3. colon
  4. rectum
  5. anal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

A

allows digested material to pass from small intestines to large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the ascending colon is made of what two structures?

A
  1. cecum

2. vermiform appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The internal anal sphincter is controlled by the _____ which means it is under _____ control.

A

ANS

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The external anal sphincter is controlled by the _____ which means it is under _____ control.

A

pudenal nerve

voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

deglutition is AKA

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Swallowing happens in two steps, what are they?

A
  1. info. about the food is sent to the medulla of the brain which signals for swallowing
  2. tongue pushes the food back then the involuntary reflex begins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The three small intestine movements are…

A
  1. segmentation
  2. peristalsis
  3. opening of ileo-cecal valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of movement begins segmentation?

A

myogenic movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of movement begins peristalsis?

A

neurogenic movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the ileo-cecal valve open?

A

with a hormone called gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The three main nutrients are…

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

carbohydrates are made of

A

carbohydrates, disaccharides, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The main monosaccharides are

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the main disaccharides are

A

lactose, sucrose, and maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the polysaccharides include

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The GI tract ONLY absorbs what type of carbohydrates…

A

simple sugars like monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what makes a protein?

A

amino acids, peptides, and polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The GI tract ONLY absorbs what type of proteins?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

a triglyceride is made of

A
  • 3 fatty acid tails

- a glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The GI tract mainly absorbs lipids in what manner?

A
  • 2 free fatty acids

- a monoglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  1. physical

2. enzymatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

physical digestion includes…

A

mastication, milling, and segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

physical digestion increases…

A

surface area for enzymatic digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

enzymatic digestion is VERY

A

pH sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

describe the mouth ‘s

  • physical digestion
  • pH
A

physical digestion: mastication

pH: 6-7 slightly acidic

49
Q

There is no digestion of _____ and _____ in the mouth.

A
  • lipids

- proteins

50
Q

what is digested enzymatically in the mouth?

A

carbs

51
Q

what enzyme digests carbs in the mouth?

A

amylase

52
Q

what type of carbs are digested through enzymes in the mouth?

A

starch

53
Q

the amylase comes from…

A

parotid salivary gland and some from the submandibular

54
Q

describe the stomach ‘s

  • physical digestion
  • pH
A

physical digestion: churning and milling

pH: 1.0-3.5

55
Q

There is no significant digestion of _____ and _____ in the stomach.

A
  • carbohydrates

- lipids

56
Q

during enzymatic digestion in the stomach chief cells and parietal cells secrete

A

pepsinogen -chief cells

HCl -parietal cells

57
Q

HCl converts pepsinogen into

A

pepsin

58
Q

what is pepsin?

A

an active digestive enzyme

59
Q

pepsin digests proteins down to

A

polypeptides

60
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

intrinsic factor

61
Q

intrinsic factor is required for

A

absorption of vitamin B12

62
Q

vitamin B12 is required for

A

erythrocyte production

63
Q

loss of intrinsic factor results in…

A

pernicious anemia

64
Q

What are the 4 types of secretion blockers for HCL?

A
  1. histamine type 2
  2. H+ proton pump inhibitor
  3. synthetic prostaglandin
  4. antacids/buffers
65
Q

what is the first effective way to reduce stomach acidity?

A

histamine type 2 blockers

66
Q

examples of histamine type 2 blockers are

A

cimetidine and ranitidine

67
Q

the H+ pump inhibitor prevents

A

HCl from being pumped by proton pumps

68
Q

examples of H+ pump inhibitor are

A

esomeprazole

lansoprazole

69
Q

synthetic prostaglandin…

A

decreases HCl, increases mucus, increases bicarbonate

70
Q

an example of a synthetic prostaglandin is

A

misoprostol

71
Q

antacids/buffers neutralize

A

stomach acids

72
Q

examples of antacids/ buffers include..

A

salts of aluminum and magnesium, (CaCO3)

73
Q

describe the small intestine’s

  • physical digestion
  • pH
A

physical digestion: segmentation

pH: 8-8.9 (alkaline)

74
Q

how does segmentation occur?

A

food stretches’ smooth muscles which then contract

75
Q

pH in the small intestine is increased by?

A
  • pancreatic juice from pancreas
  • bile from gallbladder
  • secretion from Brunner’s gland
76
Q

where is the Brunner’s gland located?

A

in the wall of duodenum

77
Q

enzymatic digestion of the small intestine includes…

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

78
Q

when carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine the pancreas secretes…

A

amylase into duodenum

79
Q

when carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine the duodenum…

A

uses amylase to break down polysaccharides

80
Q

the polysaccharides are broken down into

A

dextrin + maltose

81
Q

in the ileum dextrin is broken down by dextranase into

A

glucose, galactose, and lactose

82
Q

maltose is broken down by maltase into…

A

2 molecules of glucose

83
Q

lactose is broken down by lactase into

A

glucose + galactose

84
Q

sucrose is broken down by sucrase into

A

glucose + fructose

85
Q

what are the ratios of monosaccharide absorption in the typical diet

A
  • glucose 80%
  • galatase 10%
  • fructose 10%
86
Q

monosaccharides are absorbed into capillaries by

A

villi

87
Q

What enzyme naturally decreases by age?

A

lactase

88
Q

when proteins are digested by the small intestine the pancreas…

A

secretes peptidase into duodenum

89
Q

when digesting proteins in the small intestine the duodenum uses peptidase to break down

A

proteins and polypeptides

90
Q

when digesting proteins in the small intestine the intestinal mucosa of the ileum secretes

A

peptidase

91
Q

absorption of digestible material is into the

A

capillaries

92
Q

when digesting lipids in the small intestine the pancreas secretes

A

lipase into the duodenum

93
Q

when digesting lipids in the small intestine the duodenum uses lipase to break down

A

triglycerides

94
Q

the liver produces

A

bile

95
Q

bile is stored in the

A

gallbladder

96
Q

what does bile do?

A

it emulsifies lipids and forms micelles

97
Q

micelles which are water soluble contain

A
  • free fatty acids
  • monoglycerides
  • fat soluble vitamins
  • cholesterol
98
Q

what is the absorption process?

A

micelles are absorbed into mucosal cells…then chylomicrons from in mucosal cells go to liver for processing

99
Q

chylomicrons contain…

A

triglycerides and cholesterol

100
Q

chylomicrons are absorbed into

A

lymph vessels

101
Q

chylomicrons transport

A

absorbed lipids from gut

102
Q

chylomicrons are the lowest

A

density of all

103
Q

lipoproteins transport

A

cholesterol to and from tissue cells in body fluids

104
Q

lipoproteins solubilize

A

hydrophobic lipids

105
Q

What percent of cholesterol is in the general tissue cells and blood?

A

tissue cells- 93%

blood- 7%

106
Q

What percent of blood cholesterol is bound to a lipoprotein

A

98%

107
Q

a increase in dietary cholesterol leads to a

A

decrease in liver synthesis of cholesterol

108
Q

a decrease in dietary cholesterol leads to a

A

increase of liver synthesis of cholesterol

109
Q

LDL receptors in liver permit liver to

A
  • monitor blood conc. of LDL

- adjust cholesterol liver produces

110
Q

an increase in dietary saturated fats can

A

increase liver synthesis of cholesterol

111
Q

How does moderate exercise affect the LDL and HDL?

A
  • decrease in LDL

- increase in HDL

112
Q

cholesterol is needed for what four things

A
  1. the myelin sheath
  2. making steroid hormones
  3. integrity of skin
  4. vitamin D
113
Q

what is the etiology of familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

a mutation of gene for receptors for LDL

114
Q

the heterozygous condition of familial hypercholesterolemia causes

A

1 good 1 mutated gene

115
Q

1 good and 1 mutated gene results in

A

2-3 times increase in cholesterol

116
Q

the homozygous condition of familial hypercholesterolemia causes

A

2 mutated genes

117
Q

the 2 mutated genes results in…

A
  • almost 0 LDL receptors

- 5+ times increase in cholesterol above normal

118
Q

a decrease in the number of LDL receptors results in

A
  • decrease utilization of cholesterol
  • increase cholesterol synthesis by liver
  • increase LDL synthesis by liver
  • increase blood LDL (cholesterol)

A&P 2402-70 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions