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Endocrine System > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How is the optic chasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior to it

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2
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

nasal

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3
Q

What is the visual field defect caused by enlargement of the pituitary gland?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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4
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

By the pituitary stalk

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5
Q

What two parts for the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe (pars anterior/adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (pars nervosa/neurohypophysis)

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6
Q

What is the space which sits above the pituitary gland and behind the optic chiasm?

A

3rd ventricle

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7
Q

What lies between the anterior and inferior lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Intermediate lobe

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8
Q

Which of the two lobes in the pituitary gland is larger?

A

Anterior lobe

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9
Q

Which of the two lobes in the pituitary gland is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior lobe

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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Releases ADH and oxytocin (non-tropic)

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11
Q

How does the hypothalamus connect with each of the lobes of the pituitary?

A
  • Posterior -> via pituitary stalk neurons

* Anterior -> the release of neurotransmitters into the bloodstream via the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

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12
Q

What are the three cell types found in the anterior pituitary and what is the effect on histological staining?

A

Acidophils and basophils
• Acid -> stains pink
• Baso -> stains purple

Also has chromophores (don’t take up much stain and therefore appear pale)

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13
Q

What are the functions of chromophils in the pituitary gland (acidophils and basophils)?

A

Divided into different classes of cells which have different secretory products and target organs

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14
Q

What are the two classes of acidophil cells in the anterior pituitary and what hormones do they release?

A
  1. Somatotrophs -> releases GH (or somatotrophin)

2. Mammotrphic -> prolactin: milk producting tissue

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15
Q

What is the function of GH (or somatrophin)

A

To chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to promote growth (with insulin like growth factors)

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16
Q

What are the three classes of basophil cells in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Corticosteroids:
    • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): promotes activity in corticosteroid cells in adrenal cortex
    • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): to melanocytes
  2. Thyrotrophs -> Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): to follicular epithelial cells of thyroid
  3. Gonadotrophs
    • Follicle stimulating hormone: to ovaries and testes
    • Lutenising hormone: promotes ovulation or promoted androgen secretion in testes
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17
Q

What are the main type of secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

A

Non-myelinated, neurosecretory cells

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18
Q

What artery supplies the posterior pituitary?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

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19
Q

What veins drain the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal veins into he cavernous sinus

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20
Q

What is the level of the thyroid gland?

A

C5-T1

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21
Q

At which tracheal ring is the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

A

2nd- 4th

22
Q

What is the first branch of the ECA?

A

Superior thyroid artery

23
Q

What are the three thyroid veins?

A

Superior -> drains to IJV
Middle -> IJV
Inferior -> brachiocephalic

24
Q

What three strap muscle overlie the thyroid gland?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid

25
Q

Name two nerve that supply the muscle of the vocal cords and describe their location in relation to the thyroid gland

A
  1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs between trachea and oesophagus
  2. Superior laryngeal nerve - lies close to superior thyroid artery
26
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Sensory: lower half pharynx, upper trachea and oesophagus

Motor: all muscle of larynx, smooth muscle of trachea and oesophagus

27
Q

What does the external layrngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve) supply?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

28
Q

Where do most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into?

A

The deep cervical group

29
Q

How are hormone of the thyroid gland stored?

A

In cavities, surrounded by secretory cells –> follicle

Within the cavity of a follicle, hormone is bound to a glycoprotein –> forms the colloid

30
Q

What happens to the hormone in the follicle of a thyroid gland during secretion?

A

Hormone is re-absorbed from the city (colloid) and then released into surrounding interstitial spaces

31
Q

What cells line the follicles in the thryoid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

32
Q

What colour does the colloid in a thyroid follicle stain?

A

Pink

33
Q

What type of cell is found scattered among follicular cells in the thyroid and what is their function?

A

Clear/parafollicular/ C cells -> secrete calcitonin in response to increased levels of plasma Ca

34
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Tri-iodo thyronin and thyroxine

35
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

On the lateral half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule. Most people have 4. They are separated from the thyroid gland by a thin fibrous capsule.

36
Q

Describe the position of the superior and inferior parathyroid glands

A

Superior are situated at level of inferior border of cricoid cartilage.

Inferior are near the inferior poles of the thyroid (position variable)

37
Q

Describe the blood supply to the parathyroid glands

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

Venous drainage via veins draining the thyroid to the IJV

38
Q

What are the two cell types found in the parathryroid glands?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

39
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and what is the action of it?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - acts osteoclasts, and the epithelial cells of the renal tubule, to increase plasma Ca by promoting bone respiration and increases renal calcium resorption

40
Q

What are the suprarenal glands?

A

Pair of endocrine glands on upper pole of each kidney which are enclosed in and separated from the kidney by means of a capsule.

41
Q

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

42
Q

What are the two parts to the suprarenal glands?

A

The outer cortex and inner medulla

43
Q

What is the embryological origin of the suprarenal cortex and medulla?

A

Mesodermal epithelium gives rise to the cortex and neuroectoderm gives rise to the medulla

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Superior adrenal aa - from inferior phrenic aa
  • Middle adrenal aa - from abdominal aorta
  • Inferior adrenal aa - from renal arteries
45
Q

What is the venous drainage from the suprarenal glands?

A
  • R side -> IVC

* L side -> L renal vein -> IVC

46
Q

What are the three distinct zones of the cortex of the suprarenal glands?

A
  1. Outer zona glomerulosa (thin)
  2. Middle Zona fasciculata (thick)
  3. Inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to the medulla)
47
Q

What is the function of the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

It has collections of large ovoid chromatin cells which secrete adrenaline and noradrenalin

48
Q

What are the 3 main hormone types secreted from each of the 3 zones of the suprarenal gland cortex?

A
  • Z Glomerulosa - Mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
  • Z Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Z Reticularis - sex hormones
49
Q

What cells are found in a pancreas Islet of langerhans and what do they produce?

A
  • Beta cells - insulin
  • Alpha cells - glucagon
  • Delta cells - somatostatin
50
Q

What are the different parts to the pancreas?

A

Exocrine part (pancreatic acini) and endocrine part (Islet of Langerhans: light staining)

Endocrine System (29 decks)

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