Endocrine - Anatomy

Question 1

The adrenal cortex is derived from what primitive germ layer?

Answer 1

mesoderm

Question 2

The adrenal medulla is derived from what primitive cell type?

Answer 2

neural crest

Question 3

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults?

Answer 3

pheochromocytoma

Question 4

What are the zones of the adrenal cortex?(3 points)

Answer 4

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasiculata, Zona Reticularis

Question 5

What is the nemonic used to assist a student with memorizing the zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 5

GFR: G stands for glomerulosa, F stands for fasiculata and R stands for reticularis

Question 6

What is the nemonic used to figure out the type of hormones from the different locations of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 6

“The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets.” This corresponds with Salt, Sugar and then Sex.

Question 7

What is the primary regulatory control in the Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 7

Renin-Angiotensin System

Question 8

What are the secretory products from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 8

aldosterone

Question 9

What is the primary regulatory control in the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex?(2 points)

Answer 9

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACH) and Corticotropic Release Hormone(CRH)

Question 10

What are the secretory products from the zona fasiculata?(2 points)

Answer 10

Cortisol, Sex Hormones

Question 11

What are the secretory products from the zona reticularis?

Answer 11

sex hormones, i.e., androgens

Question 12

What is the primary regulatory control for the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?(2 points)

Answer 12

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH), Corticotropic Release Hormone(CRH)

Question 13

What are the main cell type in the medulla?

Answer 13

chromaffin cells

Question 14

What is the primary regulatory control of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 14

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 15

What are the secretory products from the medulla?(3 points)

Answer 15

1. Catecholamines
2. Epinephrine
3. Norepinephrine

Question 16

What adrenal gland tumor is characterized by episodic hypertension?

Answer 16

pheochromocytoma

Question 17

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children?

Answer 17

neuroblastoma

Question 18

How often dose neuroblastoma cause hypertension in children?

Answer 18

rarely

Question 19

What is the drainage of the left adrenal gland?(4 points)

Answer 19

Left adrenal gland to the **left adrenal vein** to the left renal vein to the Inferior Vena Cavae(IVC)

Question 20

What is the drainage of the right adrenal gland?(3 points)

Answer 20

Right adrenal gland to the right adrenal vein to the inferior vena cavae(IVC)

Question 21

What is the drainage of the left and right gonadal vein?

Answer 21

The same as the drainage of the left adrenal gland

Question 22

Neurohypophysis is a term used to specifically refer to what endocrine gland?

Answer 22

the posterior pituitary gland

Question 23

Adenohypophysis is a term used to refer to what specific endocrine gland?

Answer 23

anterior pituitary gland

Question 24

The posterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones?(2 points)

Answer 24

ADH, i.e., vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 25

What general organ synthesizes oxytocin?

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

What geneal organ synthesizes ADH?

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

What are neurophysins and what role do they play in the transportation of hormones?**(2 points)**

Answer 27

neurophysins are **carrier proteins** that transport oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the **posterior pituitary gland**.

Question 28

The posterior pituitary gland is derived from what specific primary germ layer?

Answer 28

neuroectoderm

Question 29

The Anterior Pituitary gland secretes what hormones?**(6 points)**

Answer 29

**Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)**, **Luteinizing Hormone(LH)**, **Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone(GH), melanotropic (MSH)**

Question 30

What is a nemonic used to remember the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and the cells that secrete them?

Answer 30

B-FLAT: **B**asophils - **F**SH, **L**H, **A**CTH, **T**SH and FLAT PiG: **F**SH, **L**H, **A**drenocorticotropic Hormone, **T**SH, **P**rolactin, **G**H

Question 31

What type of cell in the anterior pitutiary gland secretes GH and prolactin?

Answer 31

acidophils

Question 32

The anterior pituitary gland is derived from what specific primitive germ layer?**(2 points)**

Answer 32

**oral ectoderm**

Question 33

What are the subunits for the anterior pituitary gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 33

**α-subunit** and **β-subunit**

Question 34

What hormones are common to the α-subunit of the anterior pituitary gland?**(4 points)**

Answer 34

**FSH, LH, hCG and TSH**

Question 35

What subunit of the anterior pituitary gland deterines the hormone specificity?

Answer 35

β-subunit

Question 36

What are the endocrine cell types in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?**(3 points)**

Answer 36

**α-cells, β-cells, δ-cells**

Question 37

What are the islet of Langerhands in the pancreas?**(1 point)**

Answer 37

It is a **collection** of α,β, and δ endocrine cells in the pancreas

Question 38

What are the cells and the respective secretory products in the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas?**(6 points)**

Answer 38

The **α-cells** secrete **glucagon**, the **β-cells **secrete** ****insulin** and the **δ-cells** secrete **somatostatin**.

Question 39

What is the location of the cells on the Islets of Langerhans in the in the pancreas?**(3 points)**

Answer 39

α-cells** **are located in the **periphery**, β-cells are located **centrally** and δ-cells are **interspersed**.

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 41

Answer 41

Question 42

What is the location of the subcellular structure where preproinsulin is synthesized?

Answer 42

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 43

Acidophils secrete what hormones from the anterior pitutiary gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 43

**Prolactin** and **GH**