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General Anatomy Practice Questions > Endocrine anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland is considered to be what type of gland

A

master endocrine gland

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2
Q

the pituitary gland has two parts (anterior and posterior) and what else

A

two embryological origins

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3
Q

what are the two embryological origins of the pituitary glands

A

Rathke’s pouch (stomodeal ectoderm)

down growth of the hypothalamus (neuroectoderm)

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4
Q

The pituitary gland lies in what? which is found within the sphenoid bone below the optic chiasma

A

sella turcica

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5
Q

the pituitary gland is covered by what

A

a fold of dura called the diaphragm sellae

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6
Q

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is from what

A

Rathke’s pouch

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7
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases what hormones

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
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8
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH and GH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is influenced by what

A

releasing factors from the hypothalamus

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9
Q

PRL is influenced by what

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor - which is dopamine

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10
Q

the posterior lobe of the Pituitary stores what hormones

A

Oxytocin, and Anti-Diuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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11
Q

Doest the posterior lobe of the pituitary produce oxytocin or ADH

A

no only stores them

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12
Q

oxytocin and ADH which are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is produced by what

A

the paraventricular an supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, respectively

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13
Q

The Pituitary gland is supplied by what arteries

A

the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid artery

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14
Q

The thyroid gland is a H-shaped endocrine gland which is formed by what

A

two pear-shaped lobes

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15
Q

the two pear-shaped lobes that make up the thyroid gland are held together by what

A

an isthmus

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16
Q

the thyroid gland is derived from what, which is from the foramen cecum in the tongue

A

mesodermal down growth from the foramen cecum in the tongue

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17
Q

how much does the thyroid gland weigh (grams)

A

25

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18
Q

where does the thyroid gland lie

A

anterior cervical triangle (under the over of SCM and the infrahyoid muscle

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19
Q

is the thyroid enclosed or open

A

enclosed

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20
Q

what is the thyroid enclosed in

A

a true fibrous capsule and an outer false capsule

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21
Q

what is the false outer capsule of the thyroid derived from

A

the pre-tracheal layer of deep cervical fascia

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22
Q

The thyroid lobes lie under which muscle? while the isthmus lies over the 2nd to 4th what?

A

SCM and the 2nd to 4th tracheal ring

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23
Q

the thyroid is supplied by what arteries

A

Superior thyroid artery from the External Carotid
Inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk
Thyroidea ima which occurs in 3-10%

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24
Q

The venous drainage of the thyroid is via what veins

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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25
Q

the superior thyroid vein accompanies which artery

A

superior thyroid artery

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26
Q

which vein does the accompanies the inferior thyroid artery

A

middle thyroid vein

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27
Q

what artery does the inferior thyroid vein accompany

A

nothing it travels alone

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28
Q

The superior thyroid artery is accompanies by what nerve

A

external laryngeal branch of the Superior laryngeal nerve

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29
Q

what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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30
Q

the cricothyroid muscle is the only muscle to do what

A

tense the vocal cords

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31
Q

the inferior thyroid artery is closely related to what nerve that supplies the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

32
Q

the thyroid consists of of what that secretes thyroxin from which T3 is developed

A

cuboidal cell-lined follicles

33
Q

what cells are found between the follicles of the thyroid

A

parafollicular cells

34
Q

the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete what

A

calcitonin

35
Q

There are usually how many pairs of parathyroid glands

A

usually 2 pairs

36
Q

the superior pair of parathyroid glands are derived from what germ layer

A

the mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal pouch

37
Q

The inferior pair of parathyroid glands are derived from what

A

the 3rd pharyngeal pouch

38
Q

the parathyroid gland is supplied by what artery

A

inferior thyroid artery

39
Q

each gland contains two types of cells which are

A

chief cells and oxyphils

40
Q

What is secreted by the chief cells of the Parathyroid glands

A

PTH

41
Q

what does PTH do to calcium in the body

A

takes it out of bones and moves it into the blood stream

42
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas

A

both an endocrine and exocrine gland

43
Q

the pancreas is derived from what

A

dorsal and ventral endodermal buds from the foregut

44
Q

In the pancreas the endocrine secretions are from where

A

the islets of langerhans

45
Q

What are the cell types found in the islets of langerhans

A 
Beta cells (75%)
Alpha cells (20%)
delta cells (5%)
46
Q

what is secreted out of the Beta, Alpha and delta cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas

A

Beta- insulin
alpha- glucagon
delta- somatostatin

47
Q

The islets of langerhans are embedded where on the pancreas

A

embedded between the pancreatic acini

48
Q

the pancreas weighs approximately how much

A

90 grams

49
Q

Describe the features of the pancreas (head, neck, etc.)

A

Large head, small uncinate processes, a short neck, a wide body and a long tail

50
Q

where does the pancreas lie

A

in the bed of the stomach with its head is in the C-shape curve of the duodenum

51
Q

where does the body of the pancreas lie

A

it drapes across the IVC, Aorta and the left kidney and its tail end lies in the hilum of the spleen

52
Q

the main pancreatic duct joins with what

A

joins the common bile duct to open into the ampulla of Vater

53
Q

the opening of the main pancreatic duct is guarded by what

A

a smooth muscle sphincter [of Oddi]

54
Q

The accessory pancreatic duct [of santorini] drains what

A

the head of the pancreas

55
Q

where does the accessory pancreatic duct open where

A

~2cm above the main duodenal papilla via the minor duodenal papilla

56
Q

Why is there a difference in the drainage between the head of the pancreas and the rest of the pancreas

A

the head is derived from the ventral pancreatic bud and the rest of the pancreas comes from the dorsal pancreatic bud

57
Q

The bud and the rest of the pancreas comes from what

A

the dorsal pancreatic bud

58
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas

A

Superior and Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and great pancreatic artery

59
Q

What are the two separate embryological origins of the adrenal glands

A 
outer layer (cortex) from mesoderm
inner layer (medulla) from the neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)
60
Q

What is the shape and size of the left adrenal gland

A

it is semiLunar and Larger then the right

61
Q

What is the shape and size of the right adrenal glands

A

triangular and smaller than the left

62
Q

the cortex of the adrenal glands has how man structural zones

A

three structural zones

63
Q

what are the three structural zones of the adrenal glands

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

64
Q

The Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal glands secretes what hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone (under renin control) -SALT

65
Q

The Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes what hormones

A

Glucocorticoids - Under ATCH control - Sweet

66
Q

the Zona Reticularisof the adrenal glands secretes what hormones

A

Sex hormones (from pregnenelone) - Sex

67
Q

When you go deeper into the adrenal structural zone what happens

A

the deeper you go the sweeter the sex gets (Salt to Sweet to Sex)

68
Q

the medulla of the adrenal glands secretes what

A

norepinephrine under sympathetic control

69
Q

what are the three arteries that supply the adrenal glands

A

superior adrenal
middle adrenal
inferior adrenal

70
Q

the superior adrenal artery is from where

A

inferior phrenic artery a branch of the abdominal aorta

71
Q

the middle adrenal artery is from where

A

the abdominal aorta

72
Q

the inferior adrenal artery is from where

A

the renal artery

73
Q

The adrenal gland is drained by how many veins

A

one single vein

74
Q

the left adrenal vein drains into what

A

left renal vein

75
Q

the right adrenal vein drains into what

A

directly into the inferior vena cava

General Anatomy Practice Questions (9 decks)

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