Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOM 3200 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Who first thought of the concept of homeostasis?

A

Claude Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did the first concept of homeostasis incorporate?

A

Stated that our internal environment remains consistent despite changes in the external milieu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who coined the term homeostasis to describe the relative stability of the internal environment?

A

Walter Cannon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does homeostasis actually translate to

A

unchanging static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what three things does homeostasis require

A
  1. sensor: for constant monitoring
  2. integrating centre: coordinates between sensor and effector
  3. effector: to make adjustments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what systems largely maintain homeostasis

A

homeostasis is maintainer in large part bu the nervous and endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define hyper-function

A

too much hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define hypo-function

A

too little hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define resistance

A

no/too little effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

a tissue which secretes a substance into the blood stream; this substance then travels via the blood to influence a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is insulin and where is it produced?

A

insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A

promotes absorption of glucose from blood to skeletal muscle and fat tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the active form of insulin?

A

the active form of insulin is a monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are amine hormones derived from

A

derived from the amino acids tyrosine & tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the structure/make up of hormones

A

most hormones are proteins and polypeptides

-includes glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are steroids derived from

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the three levels of effect?

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the autocrine level of effect

A

autocrine level of effect occurs when the secretory cell secretes a substance targeted at itself
(the cell is both secretory & target)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the paracrine level of effect

A

paracrine level of effect occurs when the secretory cell and the target cell are very close to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the endocrine level of effect

A

endocrine level of effect occurs when the substance secreted by the secretory cells has to travel through the vascular system to reach the target cell

21
Q

what is hormone overspill

A

although receptors are highly specific for a particular hormone, sometimes non-specific binding does occur- which is hormone overspill

22
Q

where are receptors for most hormones found?

A

receptors for most hormones are found in the plasma membrane of target cells

23
Q

where can receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones be found?

A

receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are found inside target cells

24
Q

where are receptors for thyroid hormones found?

A

receptors for thyroid hormones are found within the nucleus

25
Q

where are receptors for steroid hormones found?

A

receptors for steroid hormones are found within the cytoplasm

26
Q

describe how transmembrane receptors work

A

the hormone bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor and activates one or more cytoplasmic signalling pathways

27
Q

what are the five steps within the adenylate cyclase pathways

A
  1. hormone binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell membrane. This triggers the G-protein inside the cell to dissociate (alpha unit is removed)
  2. alpha-subunit migrates towards Adenylate Cyclase, activating it
  3. This activation then catalyses production of cAMP
  4. cAMP then moves towards protein kinase, and removes the regulatory subunit from it
  5. after the regulatory subunit is removed from protein kinase, protein kinase then activates other molecule/hormonal responses
28
Q

what is an example of a hormonal response in conjunction with the adenylate cyclase pathway

A

after the regulatory subunit has been cleaved off of protein kinase, epinephrine can bind to BETA-adrenergic receptors (resulting in activation)

29
Q

what are the five steps within the phospholipase C- Ca2+ pathway

A
  1. the hormone binds to the receptor on outside of the cell membrane
  2. the G-protein dissociates
  3. phospholipase C is activated
  4. the activation of phospholipase C causes breakdown of membrane phospholipid to IP3
  5. IP3 then binds to endoplasmic reticulum
30
Q

function of prolactin- inhibiting hormone (PIH/Dopamine)

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone inhibits the secretion of prolactin

31
Q

which hormone inhibits the secretion of prolactin

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH/Dopamine) inhibits the secretion of prolactin.

32
Q

What is the function of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

A

prolactin-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of prolactin

33
Q

what is the function os thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

34
Q

What is the function os corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH/Corticotropin)

35
Q

what is the function of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH/Somatostatin)

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH)

36
Q

what is the function of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH)

37
Q

What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

38
Q

describe the pathway of CRH in the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex axis

A
  1. hypothalamus (CRH)
  2. anterior pituitary (ACTH)
  3. adrenal cortex (several steroid hormones ie-cortisol)
39
Q

when is cortisol released

A

when stressed

40
Q

describe the effect CRH has on central stimulator control

A
  1. noradrenergic
  2. stimulates pre-proCRH gene and protein expression
  3. processed to CRH
  4. stimulates pulsatile release of CRH
41
Q

describe the inhibitory influences of CRH

A
  1. physiological levels of cortisol inhibits release of CRH (and possibly inhibit pre-proCRH gene expression)
42
Q

If prime physiological levels of cortisol are reached, what is inhibited?

A

if physiological levels of cortisol are reached, the release of CRH is inhibited- which could potentially inhibit the pre-proCRH gene expression as well.

43
Q

what is the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

a collection of neurons

44
Q

what produces CRH

A

CRH is produced by parvocellular neurosecretory cells within hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

45
Q

where is CRH released?

A

CRH is released at the median eminence (base of brain) from their neurosecretory nerve terminals, into blood vessels in the hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

46
Q

Where does CRH travel to

A

CRH travels through the blood vessels to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates corticotropes to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

47
Q

describe CRH synthesis and release

A
  1. CRH is produced by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in hypothalamic PVN
  2. CRH is released at the base of brain- into blood vessels in hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
  3. CRH travels to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates corticotropes to secrete ACTH
48
Q

what is pro-opiomelanocortin

A

POMC is the parent molecule

BIOM 3200 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions