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Hospital Dentistry - ABGD Oral Boards > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Adrenal Gland located?

A
  • Two small pyramidal structures
  • Situated at the superior pole of each kidney
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2
Q

What are the 3 “Zonas” of the Adrenal Gland?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasiculata
  3. Zona reticularis
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3
Q

What layer of the Adrenal gland is Aldosterone produced?

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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4
Q

What layer of the Adrenal Gland produces Cortisol and Androgens?

A

Zona Fasiculata and Zona Reticularis

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5
Q

What layer of the Adrenal Gland produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?

A

Medulla

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6
Q

Define Glucocorticoid?

A
  • Any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity.
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7
Q

What is Cortisol?

A
  • Primary glucocorticoid (produced in the Adrenal Cortex)
  • Allows body to adapt to stress and contributes to maintenance of hemeostasis
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8
Q

What is the daily secretion of Cortisol from the Adrenal Gland/day?

A

20 mg/day (15-30 mg/day)

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9
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A
  • Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
  • It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon.
  • It plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, plasma sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels.
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10
Q

What is the recomended Hydrocortisone dosage regarding steroidl supplementation during surgery for minor surgery?

A
  • 25 mg hydrocortisone equivalent
  • Preoperatively on the day of surgery
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11
Q

What is the recomended Hydrocortisone dosage regarding steroidl supplementation during surgery for Moderate surgical stress?

A
  • 50-75 mg on day of surgery and up to 1 day after
  • Return to preoperative glucocorticoid dose on postoperative day 2
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12
Q

What is the recomended Hydrocortisone dosage regarding steroidl supplementation during surgery for Major surgical stress?

A
  • 100-150 mg per day of hydrocoritsone equivalent given for 2 to 3 days
  • After preoperative dose, 50 mg hydrocortisone IV every 8 hours after the initial dose for the first 48 to 72 hours after sugery
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of Adrenal Insufficiency?

A
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14
Q

Who is at risk for an adrenal crisis?

A
  • Addison’ Disease
  • Most at risk for adrenal crisis
  • Consult Endocrinologist
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15
Q

For secondary adrenal insufficiency, can you give local anesthesia? Do you hav eto supplement?

A
  • Normal local anesthesia
  • No supplementation - maintain usual dose
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16
Q

What are 2 labs you can order to assess for Chronic Kidney Disease?

A
  • BUN
  • Creatinine
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17
Q

What is Creatinine?

A
18
Q

What is BUN?

A
19
Q

What is Azotemia vs Uremia?

A

Azotemia

  • Point at which you will see abnormal lab values

Uremia:

  • Point at which symptoms appear
  • Uremic frosting
  • Altered mental status
  • Platelet disfunction
20
Q

What are 3 drugs classes to avoid in a patient with Chronic Kidney Disease?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Cephlasporins
  • Aminoglycosides (nephrotoxic)
21
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

Good for treating Anemia patients

22
Q

What is Dialysis?

A
23
Q

What is Peritoneal Dialysis?

A
24
Q

What is Hemodialysis

A
25
Q

What is Vascular Access for a patient with ESRD?

A
26
Q

What are some functions of the Liver?

A
  • Carohydrate Metabolism
  • Synthesis of Proteins
  • Synthesis of bile acids
  • Toxin Disposal
27
Q

Where does Gluconeogenesis happen?

A
  • Liver
  • Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
28
Q

What 2 important proteins does the Liver produce?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Clotting Factors
29
Q

What toxins does the Liver dispose of?

A
  • Bilirubin
  • Ammonia
  • Medications
30
Q

What is NASH?

A
31
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A
32
Q

What labs would you run for End Stage Liver Disease?

A
  • CBC
  • Coag panel
33
Q

What is a clinical sequelae of a patient with End Stage Liver Disease?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Platelets
  • Low due to sequestration and marrows toxicity
34
Q

> ________ platelet is generally safe…

A

50K

35
Q

How many platelets are in 1 transfusion unit?

A

30K

36
Q

What Local Anesthetics are metabolized in the liver?

A
  • Lidocaine
  • Prilocaine
  • Mepivicaine (Polocaine)
  • Bupivicaine (Marcaine)
  • Articaine (Septocaine)
37
Q

What are some Analgesics that are metabolized in the liver?

A
  • ASA
  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen
  • Codeine
  • Meperidine (Demerol)
38
Q

What are some sedatives that are metabolized in the liver?

A
  • Diazepam (Valium)
  • Barbituates
39
Q

What are some Antifungals that are metabolized in the liver?

A
  • Ketoconazole
  • Fluconazole
40
Q

What are some Antibiotics that are metabolized by the liver?

A
  • Amoxicilline (Partial)
  • Clindamycin
  • Erythromycin
  • Tetracycline

Hospital Dentistry - ABGD Oral Boards (10 decks)

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