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General Pathology Exam 4 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A

GH and Prolactin

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2
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

Trophic Hormones

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3
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary do?

A

Stores hormones made by the Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A
  • Stimulates Thyroid
  • Produces Thyroxine
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5
Q

What is the function of FSH and LH?

A

Regulates menstrual cycle

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6
Q

What is the function of ICTH?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells of Testes to produce Testosterone

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7
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A
  • Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce:
    • Cortisol
    • Steroid Sex Hormones
    • Melanocytes to produce Melanin
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8
Q

What hormones does the Posterior Pituitary Store?

A
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
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9
Q

What are the 4 Types of Pituitary Tumors?

A
  • Craniopharyngioma
  • Chromophobe Adenoma
  • Acidophil Adenoma
  • Basophil Adenoma
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10
Q

Which Pituitary Tumor is most common in Children?

A

Craniopharyngioma

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11
Q

What is the most common Adult Pituitary Tumor?

A

Chromophobe Adenoma

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12
Q

What is the Embryologic orgin of the Pituitary?

A
  • Anterior - Rathke’s Pouch
  • Posterior - Diencephalon
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13
Q

What is the Embryologic orgin of the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • Tubular invagination from Middle Posterior Tongue = Foramen cecum
  • Down to Thyroglossal Duct –> Neck (Anterior to the Larynx)
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14
Q

What is the Embryologic orgin of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Neural Mesoderm

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15
Q

What is the Embryologic orgin of the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Neural Ectoderm

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16
Q

What is the Embryologic orgin of the Parathyroid Glands?

A

3rd and 4th branchial pouch, along with thymus

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17
Q

Thyroid Adenomas, do NOT produce the hormone Thyroxin, which is the exception?

A

Follicular Adenoma

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18
Q

Which Thyroid Carcinoma is the most common?

A

Papillary

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19
Q

What is Thyroid Papillary CA, linked to?

A

Previous exposure to Radiation

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20
Q

Papillary Thyroid CA, grows slowly, and spreads to where?

A

Regional Lymph Nodes

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21
Q

What is Follicular Thyroid CA’s etiology related to?

A

Longstanding Nodular Goiter

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22
Q

Which Thyroid CA has the tendency for Blood Borne Mets going to the bone (may show up 20 yrs later)?

A

Follicular

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23
Q

Which Thyroid CA is of C Cell origin, so the tumor produces Calcitonin?

A

Medullary

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24
Q

Which Thyroid CA is seen in MENS Type III?

A

Medullary

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25
Q

Which Thyroid CA, is rare, and one of the fastest growing malignancies in mankind, with a 100% fatality rate?

A

Anaplastic

26
Q

Which Thyroid CA, is histologically characterized by Orphan Annie Nuclei?

A

Papillary

27
Q

What is the histology of Medullary Thyroid CA?

A
  • Undifferentiated, Spindly cells (doesn’t really look like thyroid tissue)
  • Adjacent pools of amyloid representing Calcitonin being produced
28
Q

What are the manifestations of Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)?

A
  • Dwarfism
  • Simmond’s Ds
  • Diabetes Insipidis
29
Q

What are the manifestations of Hyperpituitarism?

A
  • Giantism
  • Acromegaly
30
Q

What are the manifestations of Hypothyroidism?

A
  • Cretenism
    • Aplasia
    • Familial Goiter
    • Childhood Iodine Def
  • Myxedema
    • Hashimoto’s Ds
    • Nodular Goiter
    • Ablation to cure Grave’s or Cancer
    • Hemochromatosis
31
Q

What are the causes of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Grave’s Ds
    • # 1 cause
  • Functioning Thyroid Adenoma
    • Producing its own endogenous thyroxin
  • Nodular Goiter
    • That recieves to much compensated iodine
32
Q

What are Complications of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • High Output Cardiac Failure
  • Malignant Exopthalamus (Grave’s)
    • Corneal Blindness
  • Thyroid Storm
    • HTN, Arrhythmia, Malignant Hyperthermia, Delirium, Death
33
Q

What are the causes of Hypoadrenalism?

A
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen Sx (Acute Adrenal Failure)
  • Addison’s Ds (Chronic Adrenal Failure)
  • Hypopituitarism
34
Q

What are the causes of Hyperadrenalism?

A
  • Hypercortisolism - Cushing’s Sx
  • Hyperaldosteronism - Conn’s Sx
  • Excess Sex Steroids have Virilizing Effect - Adrenogenital Sx
35
Q
  • Not enough GH in Childhood
  • Child is proportionate in stature
    • Everything is small
A

Dwarfism

36
Q
  • Total Anterior Pituitary Failure
    • Pituitary dysfunctions in adults who have already achieved full stature​
  • Decrease in Trophic Hormones
    • No ICTH = Males - no spermatozoa
    • No FSH/LH = Females - sterile
    • No MSH = Pallor
    • No TSH = Hypothyroidism
    • No ACTH = Hypoadrenalism
A

Simmond’s Disease

37
Q

What disease is most likely associated with Simmond’s Ds in Males?

A

Chromophobe Adenoma

38
Q

What disease is most likely associated with Simmond’s Ds in Females?

A

Post Partum Necrosis

39
Q
  • Failure of the Posterior Pituitary
    • No secretion of ADH (stored in PP)
  • Pt urinates up to 5L/day causing:
    • Polydypsia
    • Na and K plummet
A

Diabetes Insipidis

40
Q
  • Acidophil Adenoma producing excess GH in Childhood
  • Enormous growth in stature
  • Adenoma destroyes the rest of the pituitary, so the other pituitary hormones are non-functional
  • High Output Cardiac Failure
    • Heart can’t keep up with volume of the body
A

Giantism

41
Q
  • Acidophil Adenoma producing excess GH in an adult
  • Pt grows Appositionally
  • Acral portions (hands, feet) become thicker not longer
  • Organs and facial features are enlarged
    • Latern Jaw
  • Hypofunction of other Endocrine Organs
  • Secondary DM (GH acts opposite of Insulin)
A

Acromegaly

42
Q

What is the function of the Thyroxin hormone?

A

Determines Rate of Basal Metabolism

43
Q

What is the function of the hormone, Thyrocalcitonin?

A
  • Promotes Ca uptake by bones
  • Inhibits bone resorption
44
Q
  • Thyroid gland forms but there is bad thyroxin or it can’t make thyroxin due to enzyme deficiency
  • Feedback causes increased TSH stimulation causing enlargement
A

Congenital Goiter / Familial Goiter

45
Q

In Hashimoto’s Ds the thyroid gland becomes symmetrically enlarged due to what?

A

Lymphocyte Infiltration

(Destruction of the thyroid gland parenchyma)

46
Q

In Grave’s Ds the thyroid gland becomes symmetrically enlarged due to what?

A

Hyperplasia

(the Auto-Ab act like TSH)

47
Q
  • Lack of Dietary Iodine
  • Low Thyroxine (T4) because there is no iodine needed for the conversion of thyroglobulin -> T4
  • Signal Pituitary to secrete TSH, causing a massive nodular (irregular) enlargement of the thyroid
A

Nodular (Adenomatous) Goiter

48
Q
  • Systemic Ds of excessive Fe storage that collects in all endocrine organs
  • Males
A

Hemochromatosis

49
Q
  • No thyroid hormone as a kid
  • Permanent mental retardation, short stature, puffy skin, coarse facial features, wide spaced eyes
  • Macroglossia
  • Slowed dental eruption
A

Cretenism

50
Q
  • No thyroid hormone as an adult
  • Reversible mental sluggishness
  • Yellow skin due to hypercarotemia
  • Hyaluronic acid accumulates in tongue and skin
    • Macroglossia
  • Slow Basal Metabolism
A

Myxedema

51
Q

What are the causes of Bilateral Hemorrhagic Necrosis?

A
  • Septicemia (Meningococcus)
  • DIC especially in post-surgical individuals
  • Pts on Anti-Coagulation Therapy
52
Q

What does Bilateral Hemorrahgic Necrosis cause?

A
  • Plunges pts into Acute Adrenal Crisis
    • All Adrenal Hormones go bad
  • Adrenal gland -> hemorrhagic, non-functional, infarcted
53
Q
  • What causes 70% of Chronic Adrenal Failure?
  • 50% of pts also have another Autoimmune Ds
    • Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
    • Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism
    • Type I DM
    • Hashimoto’s
A

Autoimmune Adrenalitis

54
Q

What infections cause Chronic Adrenal Failure?

A
  • TB
  • Histoplasmosis
55
Q
  • Caused by Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage
  • Hypotension, Collapse, Coma and Death within hours to 2 days
    • ​due to failure of adrenal hormones (mineralcorticoids)
  • Can mimic Child Abuse
A

Waterhouse-Friderichesen Sx

56
Q

What are the causes of Addison’s Ds?

A

MATTH

  • Metastic Cancer
  • Adrenal Cortex Atrophy due to Autoimmune Ds
  • TB
  • Trauma
  • Histoplasmosis
57
Q

What are the causes of Cushing’s Sx (Hypercortisolism)?

A
  • Low ACTH Levels
    • Iatrogenic
    • Corticol Adenoma or Carcinoma of Adrenal Gland
  • High ACTH Levels
    • Basophil Adenoma of Pituitary
    • ACTH Producing CArcinoma
58
Q

What are the causes of Conn’s Sx (Hyperaldosteronism)?

A
  • Small Aldosterone Producing Adenoma (70%)
  • Bilateral Hyperplasia (rare)
  • 2o Hyperaldosteronism from conditions that increase Renin production:
    • Heart Failure
    • Decreased Renal Perfusion
    • Hypoalbuminemia
    • Liver Failure
    • Kidney Ds
59
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Conn’s Sx?

A
  • Hypernatremia –> Fluid retention –> severe HTN
  • Hypokalemia
  • Peroidic Flaccid Paralysis
60
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a group of Autosomal recessive diseases which all involve what?

A
  • Missing enzyme that prevents Cortisone production
    • ​21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (90%)
61
Q

What is the functioning tumor of the Adrenal Medulla, that produces Catecholamines causing severe HTN?

A

Pheochromocytoma

General Pathology Exam 4 (7 decks)

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