Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What do acidophils secrete?
A
GH and Prolactin
2
Q
What do basophils secrete?
A
Trophic Hormones
3
Q
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary do?
A
Stores hormones made by the Hypothalamus
4
Q
What is the function of TSH?
A
- Stimulates Thyroid
- Produces Thyroxine
5
Q
What is the function of FSH and LH?
A
Regulates menstrual cycle
6
Q
What is the function of ICTH?
A
Stimulates Leydig cells of Testes to produce Testosterone
7
Q
What is the function of ACTH?
A
- Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce:
- Cortisol
- Steroid Sex Hormones
- Melanocytes to produce Melanin
8
Q
What hormones does the Posterior Pituitary Store?
A
- ADH
- Oxytocin
9
Q
What are the 4 Types of Pituitary Tumors?
A
- Craniopharyngioma
- Chromophobe Adenoma
- Acidophil Adenoma
- Basophil Adenoma
10
Q
Which Pituitary Tumor is most common in Children?
A
Craniopharyngioma
11
Q
What is the most common Adult Pituitary Tumor?
A
Chromophobe Adenoma
12
Q
What is the Embryologic orgin of the Pituitary?
A
- Anterior - Rathke’s Pouch
- Posterior - Diencephalon
13
Q
What is the Embryologic orgin of the Thyroid Gland?
A
- Tubular invagination from Middle Posterior Tongue = Foramen cecum
- Down to Thyroglossal Duct –> Neck (Anterior to the Larynx)
14
Q
What is the Embryologic orgin of the Adrenal Cortex?
A
Neural Mesoderm
15
Q
What is the Embryologic orgin of the Adrenal Medulla?
A
Neural Ectoderm
16
Q
What is the Embryologic orgin of the Parathyroid Glands?
A
3rd and 4th branchial pouch, along with thymus
17
Q
Thyroid Adenomas, do NOT produce the hormone Thyroxin, which is the exception?
A
Follicular Adenoma
18
Q
Which Thyroid Carcinoma is the most common?
A
Papillary
19
Q
What is Thyroid Papillary CA, linked to?
A
Previous exposure to Radiation
20
Q
Papillary Thyroid CA, grows slowly, and spreads to where?
A
Regional Lymph Nodes
21
Q
What is Follicular Thyroid CA’s etiology related to?
A
Longstanding Nodular Goiter
22
Q
Which Thyroid CA has the tendency for Blood Borne Mets going to the bone (may show up 20 yrs later)?
A
Follicular
23
Q
Which Thyroid CA is of C Cell origin, so the tumor produces Calcitonin?
A
Medullary
24
Q
Which Thyroid CA is seen in MENS Type III?
A
Medullary
25
Which Thyroid CA, is rare, and one of the fastest growing malignancies in mankind, with a 100% fatality rate?
Anaplastic
26
Which Thyroid CA, is histologically characterized by **Orphan Annie Nuclei**?
Papillary
27
What is the histology of **Medullary Thyroid CA**?
* Undifferentiated, Spindly cells (doesn't really look like thyroid tissue)
* Adjacent pools of amyloid representing Calcitonin being produced
28
What are the manifestations of **Hypopituitarism** (Pituitary Failure)?
* Dwarfism
* Simmond's Ds
* Diabetes Insipidis
29
What are the manifestations of **Hyperpituitarism**?
* Giantism
* Acromegaly
30
What are the manifestations of **Hypothyroidism**?
* **Cretenism**
* Aplasia
* Familial Goiter
* Childhood Iodine Def
* **Myxedema**
* Hashimoto's Ds
* Nodular Goiter
* Ablation to cure Grave's or Cancer
* Hemochromatosis
31
What are the causes of **Hyperthyroidism**?
* **Grave's Ds**
* #1 cause
* **Functioning Thyroid Adenoma**
* Producing its own endogenous thyroxin
* **Nodular Goiter**
* That recieves to much compensated iodine
32
What are Complications of **Hyperthyroidism**?
* **High Output Cardiac Failure**
* **Malignant Exopthalamus** (Grave's)
* Corneal Blindness
* **Thyroid Storm**
* HTN, Arrhythmia, Malignant Hyperthermia, Delirium, Death
33
What are the causes of **Hypoadrenalism**?
* **Waterhouse-Friderichsen Sx** (Acute Adrenal Failure)
* **Addison's Ds** (Chronic Adrenal Failure)
* **Hypopituitarism**
34
What are the causes of **Hyperadrenalism**?
* Hypercortisolism - **Cushing's Sx**
* Hyperaldosteronism - **Conn's Sx**
* Excess Sex Steroids have Virilizing Effect - **Adrenogenital Sx**
35
* Not enough **GH** in **Childhood**
* Child is **proportionate** in stature
* Everything is small
Dwarfism
36
* Total **Anterior Pituitary Failure**
* Pituitary dysfunctions in **adults** who have already achieved full stature
* **Decrease** in **Trophic Hormones**
* No ICTH = Males - no spermatozoa
* No FSH/LH = Females - sterile
* No MSH = Pallor
* No TSH = Hypothyroidism
* No ACTH = Hypoadrenalism
Simmond's Disease
37
What disease is most likely associated with **Simmond's Ds** in **Males**?
Chromophobe Adenoma
38
What disease is most likely associated with **Simmond's Ds** in **Females**?
Post Partum Necrosis
39
* Failure of the **Posterior Pituitary**
* No secretion of **ADH** (stored in PP)
* Pt urinates up to 5L/day causing:
* **Polydypsia**
* Na and K plummet
Diabetes Insipidis
40
* **Acidophil Adenoma** producing **excess GH** in **Childhood**
* Enormous **growth in stature**
* Adenoma destroyes the rest of the pituitary, so the other **pituitary hormones are non-functional**
* **High Output Cardiac Failure**
* Heart can't keep up with volume of the body
Giantism
41
* **Acidophil Adenoma** producing **excess GH** in an **adult**
* Pt grows **Appositionally**
* Acral portions (hands, feet) become thicker not longer
* Organs and facial features are enlarged
* **Latern Jaw**
* Hypofunction of other Endocrine Organs
* **Secondary DM** (GH acts opposite of Insulin)
Acromegaly
42
What is the function of the **Thyroxin** hormone?
Determines Rate of Basal Metabolism
43
What is the function of the hormone, **Thyrocalcitonin**?
* Promotes Ca uptake by bones
* Inhibits bone resorption
44
* **Thyroid gland forms** but there is **bad thyroxin** or it **can't make thyroxin** due to **enzyme deficiency**
* Feedback causes increased TSH stimulation causing enlargement
Congenital Goiter / Familial Goiter
45
In **Hashimoto's Ds** the thyroid gland becomes symmetrically enlarged due to what?
Lymphocyte Infiltration
(Destruction of the thyroid gland parenchyma)
46
In **Grave's Ds** the thyroid gland becomes symmetrically enlarged due to what?
Hyperplasia
| (the Auto-Ab act like TSH)
47
* **Lack of Dietary Iodine**
* **Low Thyroxine (T4)** because there is no iodine needed for the conversion of thyroglobulin -\> T4
* Signal Pituitary to **secrete TSH**, causing a massive nodular (irregular) enlargement of the thyroid
Nodular (Adenomatous) Goiter
48
* Systemic Ds of **excessive Fe storage** that collects in all endocrine organs
* Males
Hemochromatosis
49
* **No thyroid hormone** as a **kid**
* **Permanent** mental retardation, short stature, puffy skin, coarse facial features, wide spaced eyes
* **Macroglossia**
* **Slowed dental eruption**
Cretenism
50
* **No thyroid hormone** as an **adult**
* **Reversible** mental sluggishness
* Yellow skin due to **hypercarotemia**
* Hyaluronic acid accumulates in tongue and skin
* **Macroglossia**
* **Slow Basal Metabolism**
Myxedema
51
What are the causes of **Bilateral Hemorrhagic Necrosis**?
* **Septicemia** (Meningococcus)
* **DIC** especially in post-surgical individuals
* Pts on **Anti-Coagulation Therapy**
52
What does **Bilateral Hemorrahgic Necrosis** cause?
* Plunges pts into **Acute Adrenal Crisis**
* All Adrenal Hormones go bad
* Adrenal gland -\> **hemorrhagic, non-functional, infarcted**
53
* What causes 70% of **Chronic Adrenal Failure**?
* 50% of pts also have another Autoimmune Ds
* Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
* Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism
* Type I DM
* Hashimoto's
Autoimmune Adrenalitis
54
What infections cause **Chronic Adrenal Failure**?
* TB
* Histoplasmosis
55
* Caused by **Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage**
* **Hypotension, Collapse, Coma and Death within hours to 2 days**
* ****due to failure of adrenal hormones (mineralcorticoids)
* Can mimic **Child Abuse**
Waterhouse-Friderichesen Sx
56
What are the causes of **Addison's Ds**?
*MATTH*
* Metastic Cancer
* Adrenal Cortex Atrophy due to Autoimmune Ds
* TB
* Trauma
* Histoplasmosis
57
What are the causes of **Cushing's Sx** (Hypercortisolism)?
* **Low ACTH Levels**
* Iatrogenic
* Corticol Adenoma or Carcinoma of Adrenal Gland
* **High ACTH Levels**
* Basophil Adenoma of Pituitary
* ACTH Producing CArcinoma
58
What are the causes of **Conn's Sx** (Hyperaldosteronism)?
* **Small Aldosterone Producing Adenoma** (70%)
* **Bilateral Hyperplasia** (rare)
* **2o Hyperaldosteronism** from conditions that **increase Renin** production:
* Heart Failure
* Decreased Renal Perfusion
* Hypoalbuminemia
* Liver Failure
* Kidney Ds
59
What are the signs and symptoms of **Conn's Sx**?
* Hypernatremia --\> Fluid retention --\> severe HTN
* Hypokalemia
* Peroidic Flaccid Paralysis
60
**Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia** is a group of Autosomal recessive diseases which all involve what?
* Missing enzyme that **prevents Cortisone production**
* **21-Hydroxylase Deficiency** (90%)
61
What is the functioning tumor of the Adrenal **Medulla**, that **produces Catecholamines** causing **severe HTN**?
Pheochromocytoma
