Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

What can occur from a very traumatic birth regarding growth hormone?

A

GH deficiency – why we check the growth charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to growth hormones in hypopituitarism?

A

Children – serious growth disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What might GnRh cause?

A

lack of sexual organ development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If you’re considering a growth hormone deficiency, what do you check?

A

GH levels, provocative tests, and imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of provocative test could stimulate growth hormone levels, and see if you’re getting the proper response?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

After giving growth hormone and getting levels normalized, when do we need to monitor levels again

A

Once growth is completed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

When excessive growth hormone is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Almost always from a pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is specific about the adenoma of gigantism?

A

Develops BEFORE closure of epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is specific about the adenoma of acromegaly?

A

Develops AFTER closure of epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do we treat excessive growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Induces lactation during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What controls prolactin?

A

Always being inhibited by dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of thyroid hormone, especially at birth?

A

Crucial for cell differentiation – if absent at birth can cause severe mental retardation = “creatinism”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What must you always check on PE in someone you suspect with a thyroid disorder?

A

visual/eyes, weight, scalp/hair, neck, skin, heart, abdomen, extremities, reflexes and thyroid exam neuro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the normal range for TSH?

A

0.27-4.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If TSH is low, what does that usually indicate?

A

Hyperthyroidism (at the gland level = primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If TSH is high, what does that usually indicate?

A

Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would cause hypothyroidism?

A

Congenital = In utero exposure to radioiodine

Acquired (later in life) = Hashimoto’s, irradiation, too much iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If a child presents with a thick tongue, hypotonia, large fontanel’s, dry skin, with a hoarse cry, and constipation, what diagnosis do you think?

A

Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune, AKA Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What labs would we get for hypothyroidism?

A

TSH, decreased T4, and anti-thyroid anti-bodies (for Hashimoto’s specifically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we prevent and treat congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Early detection – required at birth!

Replacement therapy (10-15uq/day of Levothyroxine)

Continue to monitor!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If a patient presents with unexplained weight loss, fatigue, who often feels hot and anxious – what diagnosis are you thinking?

A

Hyperthyroidism

25
Q

What else is hyperthyroidism known as?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

26
Q

What is the most common etiology of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

27
Q

What are other etiologies for hyperthyroidism?

A

Toxic (“hot”) adenomas, early phase hasimoto’s (from stored hormone), factitious (excessive thyroid hormone intake), TSH adenoma, or amiodarone

28
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

Autoimmune disease, caused by TSH-receptor antibody (IgG) causes hypersecretion, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the thyroid (goiter)

29
Q

What 2 signs & symptoms are unique to Graves disease?

A

Opthalmopathy – Proptosis with lid-lag, conjunctival inflammation and corneal drying

Dermopathy – pre-tibial areas leading to edema, thickened skin (pre-tibial myxedema)

Along with tachycardia, tremor, brisk DTR, and accelerated growth

30
Q

How can we treat Graves disease?

A

MUST have an endocrinologist consult Propranolol (heart)

Thiourea drugs = Propylthiouricil (PTU) or
Methimazole – inhibits thyroid peroxidase and block organification of iodine.

31
Q

What is the definitive treatment of choice for Grave’s disease in the US?

A

Radioactive iodine (131I) – destroy overactive thyroid tissue (when it doesn’t resolve)

32
Q

When would thyroid surgery be indicated?

A

Graves in children

33
Q

What would cause thyroiditis?

A

Bacterial infection (so think fevers, chills, sore throat, and very tender thyroid)

34
Q

What is parathyroid important for?

A

Calcium & phosphate metabolism (along with Vit. D, calcitonin, and Mg)

35
Q

If a patient presents with muscle cramps, irritability, tetany, seizures, and parasthesias of the hands & feet, what diagnosis are you thinking?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

36
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism and what causes it?

A

LOW ionized calcium, most commonly after a thyroidectomy (or congenital)

37
Q

What PE signs do we look for hypoparathyroidism?

A

Chvostek (face) & Trousseau (BP cuff with contracture)

38
Q

What can develop with hypoparathyroidism?

A

Chronic magnesium deficiency

39
Q

What labs would you order for hypoparathyroidism?

A

Total serum & ionized Ca – LOW

PO4 – High

Urine Ca – LOW

Magnesium!

ECG: Prolonged Q-T

40
Q

If you see low Ca levels on lab work, what other diagnosis would you think of besides hypoparathyroidism?

A

Malabsorption, Vitamin D deficiency, and Hypomagnesemia

41
Q

How do you treat hypoparathyroidism?

A

Acute – IV calcium

Chronic – oral Calcium

Magnesium supplement if needed

42
Q

If you have a problem absorbing calcium into the system (you don’t have a problem with producing it), what diagnosis?

A

Ricketts

43
Q

What can form on the back of the neck with diabetes?

A

Acanthosis Nigrans (velvety, hyperpigmented plaque)

44
Q

What is occurring in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Auto-immune destruction of Beta-cells in the pancreas. Mainly due to islet cell antibodies

45
Q

What are clinical findings for Type 1 DM?

A

Polyuria, thirst, weight loss, dehydration, polyphagia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolality

46
Q

What’s the fasting BG level that diagnosis diabetes?

A

> 126 & A1c >6.5

47
Q

What labs do you usually see with DKA?

A

BS >300
pH less than 7.3
bicarb is low (increased anion gap! Lab test = ABG)
total body K is low

48
Q

What causes DKA?

A

Not enough insulin, leading to increased blood glucose & LOTS of fat & protein breakdown
May have lots of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

49
Q

How do you treat DKA?

A

Give FLUIDS! Give insulin once you know K levels

50
Q

What diagnosis are we concerned about in kids, how do we treat it?

A

Type 2 DM! Lifestyle changes (diet & exercise)

51
Q

What is metabolic syndrome? What does metabolic syndrome lead to? What are some qualifying factors for it?

A

Insulin resistance syndrome

Can lead to an increased risk of atherosclerosis

Central obesity (>88cm or 35” in women, >102cm or 40” in men); hyperglycemia >110; Hypertension 135/85; Triglycerides >150; Low HDL

52
Q

Mullerian ducts develop into? Wolffian ducts develop into?

A

Wolffian = Male

Mullerian = Female

53
Q

What diagnosis is associated with a deficiency in 21 alpha hydroxylase (deficiencies leading to cortisol or aldosterone issues)? What else is this diagnosis associated with?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Also associated with salt wasting

54
Q

if a child has ambiguous genitalia, what diagnosis? What about development later in life?

A

Ambiguous = Severe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Later development = Moderate congenital adrenal hyperplasia (or mild when they can’t get pregnant)

55
Q

if a child is genetically male, but has female genitalia, what is the diagnosis?

A

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

56
Q

What are inborn errors of metabolism?

A

Autosomal recessive disorders – deficiency in a single enzyme leading do a disruption in a metabolic pathway

57
Q

What are some examples of how a child would present with an inborn error of metabolism?

A

Zellwagger (high forehead with cherry spot in the eye), vomiting, abnormal tone, myopathy, dystonia

58
Q

What is it known as when blood is taken from the newborn to screen for tons of different things?

A

Tandem Mass Spectrometry (just a screen, not diagnostic)

59
Q

What will you often see on diagnostics with inborn errors?

A

Acid-Base disorder (since there is an increase in metabolites)

Pediatrics (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions