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PHYL 2044 > Endocrine 4 > Flashcards

Endocrine 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Estrogen releasing organ

A

The ovaries or the testes

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2
Q

Inhibin releasing organ, effectors

A

Released by gonadal cells and acts. on pituitary gonadotropes to SELECTIVELY inhibit the release/synthesis of FSH

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3
Q

Sex steroids act as feedback on?

A

Both pituitary gonadotropes and GnRH neurons in either a positive or negative fashion.

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4
Q

Hormones released in a pulsatile fashion

A

GnRH, LH, FSH

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5
Q

LH vs FSH release depends on GnRH how?

A

Fast GnRH release (1/hour) associated with high Lh relative to FSH.
Slow GnRH release (1/3hours) associated with decreased LH and increased FSH release, making them relatively equal.

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6
Q

There is generally less _____ present than _____ in females following puberty, (LH/FSH).

A

less FSH present than LH

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7
Q

Prior to puberty in females, ____ levels are higher than ____, and the opposite is true during the reproductive period.

A

FSH level are higher than LH levels.

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8
Q

Preantral follicular development overview

A

300,00 primordial follicles narrow down to 450.
Primary locates arrested at the diplotene stage.

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9
Q

Preantral follicular phase zona pellucida formation

A

Oocyte secretes matrix glycoproteins ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 to form the zona pellucida

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10
Q

Zona pellucida maturation phases

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells proliferates into a multilayer pit helium of granules a cells that induce differentiation into thecal cells.
Takes several months

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11
Q

Antral follicular development overview

A

Highly dependent on FSH, oocyte gains meiosis competence and completes meiosis I at ovulation induced by the midcycle surge

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12
Q

Properties of mural granulosa cells

A

Highly steroidogenic and differentiate into the corpus luteum

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13
Q

Properties of cumulus cells

A

Released with the oocyte during ovulation and help the oviduct to capture the oocyte.

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14
Q

Thecal cells express __ receptors

A

Luteinising hormone

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15
Q

LH promotes expression of:

A

CYP11A1, 3beta-HSD, and CYP-17 as well as LDL and HDL receptors - key enzymes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis.

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16
Q

Androstenedione

A

A steroid hormone shuttled to granulosa cells through gap junctions to be converted into other sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

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17
Q

CYP19

A

Aromatase enzyme, converting androgens into estrogens. Function in granulosa cells, stimulated by FSH.

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18
Q

17beta-HSD

A

Converts androstenedione into testosterone and estrone into estradiol-17beta.

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19
Q

Why do granulosa cells release inhibin?

A

Negative feedback on FSH means only the most FSH-responsive cells are selected. Therefore, only about 20 antral follicles are recruited prior to ovulation which then reduces to one as FSH levels decline.

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20
Q

Mural granulosa cells have __ receptors

A

LH, to respond to the preovulatory LH surge.

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21
Q

Physiological response to preovulatory LH surge

A

Induced release of inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes from thecal and granulosa cells to rupture the follicular wall and surface epithelium.

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22
Q

Corpus luteum formation process

A

Mural granulosa basal lamina cells break down, secret eangiogenic factors to form new blood vessels and increase blood supply.

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23
Q

How is the oocyte stimulated to progress to metaphase II

A

Caused by the LH surge

24
Q

Effect of CYP119 inhibition

A

(aromatase decline in function) decline in estrogen levels which removes positive feedback on LH secretion, reducing LH levels.

25
Expression of StAR, CYP11A1, and 3B-HSD effect
INduces the production of progesterone.
26
How long does the corpus luteum live, how is this modulated?
14 days. hCG keeps it viable following implantation. If not, LH sensitivity decreases, and regresses.
27
PFG2a
Enzyme secreted by granulosa lutein cells to induce corpus luteum regression
28
Corpus albicans
Scar tissue that forms after the CL degrades rich in collagen that is slowly absolved in the medulla of the ovary.
29
What is the major event mid-luteal phase?
CL dies causing a decline in estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin, stopping the negative feedback on the pituitary gonadotrope causing a slight increase in FSH levels.
30
FSH increase before menstruation effect?
Recruits large follicles to grow that then produce low levels of estrogen and inhibin, causing negative feedback to decrease FSH output once more, whilst LH levels increase.
31
Midcycle, E2 is working through _______ feedback
positive
32
effects of LH surge
meiotic maturation, ovulation, luteinisation
33
How much of the endometrium (functional zone) is lost during menstruation?
2/3
34
Basal zone
Remains after menstruation and contains regenerative cells types.
35
Follicular phase and endometrium overview
Rising estrogen induces proliferation of the endometrium, andinduces expression of progesterone receptors.
36
Luteal phase overview
Uterus switches to the secretory phase as progesterone levels increase. More secretion of mucus to facilitate blastocyst implantation
37
Contraceptives using feedback
Increased feedback of estrogen and progesterone inhibit ovulation from occuring.
38
Contraceptives using IUDs
Prevent sperm passage by thickening cervical mucus and causing inflammation.
39
Contraceptives by progestins
Inhibit estrogen-induced endometrial proliferation
40
Development of the testes overview
Initially within the abdominal cavity and descend just before birth caused by testosterone. Must be 3C cooleer than body temp. Sperm production starts at puberty, stimulated by testosterone.
41
LH effect on testes
Binds leydig cells and stimulates biosynthesis of testosterone.
42
FSH effect on testes
Binds sertoli cellss and stimulates protein synthesis, including ABP, aromatase, growth factors, and inhibin.
43
Interaction of sertoli and leydig cells
Leydig cells synthesise and transport testosterone to sertoli cells where they enter the blood stream via androgen binding protein (ABP).
44
Sertoli cell function
Nourish sperm, release inhibin, luminal fluid, ABP, and paracrine faactors, form blood-testes barrier, and destroy defective sperm.
45
Dihydrotestosterone
Only synthesised from testosterone precursors in target tissues that express 5-alpha-reductase.
46
testosterone aromatisation
Performed by CYP19 to produce 17-beta estradiol for bone resorption, epiphyseal fusion and sexual differentiation of the brain.
47
Process of sex differentiation for XY
Undifferentiated gonadal systems. Y chromosome has SRY gene that induces testes development and subsequent release of testosterone and mullerian inhibiting hormone causes wolffian ducts to become vas deferens, seminal ducts, and epididymis, and mullerian duct regenerates.
48
Process of sex differentiation for XX
Undifferentiatedd gonadal systems. Absence of Y chromosome means gonads proceed with ovarian development. Ovaries produce NO hormones so mullerian ducts become fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagine.
49
Klinefelter's syndrome
XXY - male with less muscle, broader hips, larger breasts, weak bones, smaller genitalia, delayed puberty, less facial hair, etc.
50
Congenial adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency) cause
Lack of cortisol and thus lack of negative feedback to suppress ACTH production which then pushes cholesterol through pathways that produce testosterone.
51
Characteristics and treatments of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
xx patients will have male characteristics. Prenatal dexamethasone is used to obtain normalisation of the genitalia.
52
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Mutations to the receptor that may be; - complete: female genitalia - partial: ambiguous genitalia - mild: normal genitalia, low sperm count. Increased gonadotropins, cryptorchid testes, blind ending vagina.
53
5-alpha reductase deficiency
Intact testosterone dependent pathways - wolffian development, spermatogenesis, gonadotropin regulation. DHT pathways reduced - prostate development, external virilisation, pubertal maturation, pseudohermaphroditism.
54
Kallmann syndrome
Delayed puberty associated with low GnRH and poor sense of smell,skeletal/facial defects, poor balance, etc. Treated with pulsatile GnRH analogue.
55
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Isolated GnRH deficiency and normosmia, many causes. Treated with pulsatile GnRH analogues or estrogen and LH analogues.
56
Precocious puberty causes and treatment
Supracellular arachnoid cysts, etc. Treat with CONSTANT GnRH to cause depletion of the GnRH receptor and essentially induce infertility.

PHYL 2044 (23 decks)

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