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Pathology 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

If a pituitary mass is compressing the neurohypophysis what disease can result?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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2
Q

Causes of adrenal tumors without Cushing’s?

A

Adrenocortical andenoma/carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Metastatic mammary carcinoma

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2
Q

Cause of rubber jaw?

A

Nephropathy

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3
Q

Why do Cushings patients smell?

A

UTI and pyoderma from immunosuppression

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4
Q

Lesions seen with hypopituitarism?

A

Pituitary cyst
No differentiationof the pars distalis

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4
Q

Causes of bilateral adrenocortical atrophy?

A 
Primary = Lymphocytic adrenalitis
Secondary = Iatrogenic loss of anterior pituitary
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5
Q

Calcinosus cutis is pathognomonic for what disease?

A

Cushings

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5
Q

What percentage of Cushings cases are pituitary dependent? AKA secondary Cushings disease

A

85%

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5
Q

What are the signs of PPID in horses?

A

Hirsuitism
PU/PD
Polyphagia
Hyperhidrosis
Insulion resistance
Abnormal fat deposition

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5
Q

Prognosis of thyroid carcinoma in dogs?

A

Very poor

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6
Q

Why are there clinical signs from ferret adrenal neoplasms?

A

Hyperestrogenism

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7
Q

Cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

A lesion that wipes out all parathyroid glands

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8
Q

What species gets cataracts with DM?

A

Dogs

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9
Q

What causes hyperplasia of the thyroid?

A

Increased TSH stimulating the thyroid gland due to low T4

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9
Q

Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

PTH producing neoplasm
Adenomas (more common)

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9
Q

What cell types can pancreas neoplasms be derived from?

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta

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11
Q

How can we tell an ademona vs. adenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland?

A

Histopathology

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12
Q

Effect of steroid medication on the adrenal glands?

A

Atrophy

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13
Q

Degeneration and necrosis has what effect on endocrine tissues?

A

Hypo-processes

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14
Q

Inflammation/Repair causes what pathological process on endocrine tissues?

A

Mostly hypo-processes
Graves disease

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15
Q

Causes of pseudo-hyperparathyroidism?

A

PTH-RP producing neoplasm (T-cell lymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac)

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16
Q

What percentage of adrenal tumors are malignant?

A

50%

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17
Q

What lesion will you see with diabetes mellitus?

A

Beta cell degeneration
Beta cell amyloidosis
Islet-itis
Chronic pancreatitis
Islet cell hypoplasia
Or none of the above and simply have insulin resistance

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18
Q

Why does Cushings cause PU/PD?

A

Interference with ADH

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18
Q

Decreased ACTH will have what effect on the adrenal glands?

A

Hypoplastic

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20
Q

What percentage of adrenocortical tumors are bilateral?

A

10%

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21
Q

What is the clinical term for bilateral hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

A

Goiter

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21
Q

What is the clinical syndrome of hypoinsulinism?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

Malignant disorders of growth cause what pathological process?

A

Hypo-processes

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22
Q

Cushings is also known as?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

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22
Q

Causes of hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)?

A 
Cortisol secreting adrenal cortes neoplasm
Pituitary adenoma (chromotroph, ACTH-secreting)
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22
Q

What percentage of hyperthyroidism in cats in bilateral?

A

70%

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24
Q

Who the fuck cares?

A

Not me

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25
Q

What are the causes of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

A 
Primary = atrophy caused by idiopathic or adrenalitis
Secondary = hypopituitarism (cyst or neoplasm) or exogenous steroids
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26
Q

What do beta cells produce along with insulin?

A

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

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27
Q

What is missing from the thyroid gland in an animal with goiter?

A

Colloid

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29
Q

Nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia is caused by?

A

Increased cortisol - often a senile change

30
Q

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Adenomatoud hyperplasia

31
Q

Conn’s syndrome affects what zone of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids are affected)

32
Q

Why does hypopituitarism cause dwarfism in growing animals?

A

Lack of growth hormone

33
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism causes what disease?

A

Addison’s

35
Q

What are the most common neoplasms of Ferrets?

A

1 - insulinoma
2 - adrenal
3 - lymphoma

36
Q

What is produced in the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids
Androgens

37
Q

What effect will Cushings have on blood pressure?

A

Increased due to hypertension

38
Q

What causes some goats with goiter to be hairless?

A

Lack of thyroxine which is needed for hair cycle and growth

39
Q

Cause of PPID?

A

Pars intermedia pituitary adenoma

41
Q

Functionally inactive pituitary adenoma will cause what?

A

Decreased ACTH production

42
Q

Most common pancreatic tumor?

A

Insulin secreting Beta cell tumor

44
Q

Amyloidosis causes what pathological process in endocrine tissues?

A

Hypo-processes

45
Q

Are all adrenocortical tumors Cushings?

A

No

47
Q

Benign disorders of growth cause what pathological process?

A

Hyper-processes

48
Q

Are most pancreatic islet cell tumors endocrinologically active?

A

Yes

50
Q

Severe cases of hypothyroidism in dogs can lead to what conditions?

A

Myxedema
Atherosclerosis (depisit of lipid within the artery walls)

51
Q

External cause of Cushing’s?

A

Steroid medication

52
Q

The majority of pituitary adenomas affect what part of the pituitary?

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia in horses

53
Q

What effect will Cushings disease have on the liver?

A

Steroid hepatopathy
Vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration

54
Q

T/F: The more malignant a thyroid tumor, the more likely the thyroid is to be active?

A

False

55
Q

What effect will Ferret adrenal neoplasms have on cortisol?

A

Normal
haha i gotcha didnt i?

56
Q

Patients with DM also have this condition from overstimulation of beta cells?

A

Amyloidosis from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

57
Q

What is the normal cortex:medulla ration of the adrenal gland?

A

1:1

58
Q

T/F: Most proliferative thyroid lesions in cats are productive?

A

True

59
Q

Endocrine cause of neuronal necrosis?

A

Beta cell tumor causing hypoglycemia

61
Q

If you have a functional hyperadrenocorticism, what will the opposite adrenal gland look like?

A

Atrophied

62
Q

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

High P
Low Ca
Reduced calcitriol
Low vitamin D3

63
Q

Most common pathological process affecting the endocrine system?

A

Disorders of growth

63
Q

Causes of low T4 and increased TSH?

A

Iodine deficiency or excess
Goiterogenic substances
Congenital dyshormonogenic goiter

65
Q

Will you expect adrenocortical hyperplasia in a horse with PPID?

A

No

66
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism in dogs?

A

Atrophy
Thyroiditis
Bilateral thyroid carcinoma
Pituitary adenoma

67
Q

Are most islet cell tumors benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

68
Q

Why do Cushings patients have a pendulous abdomen?

A

Hepatomegaly
Muscle atrophy
Redistribution of fat

70
Q

Most common thyroid lesion in dogs?

A

Carcinoma

71
Q

Which is more common? Pituitary adenoma or pituitary carcinoma?

A

Pituitary adenoma

72
Q

What predisposes Ferrets to adrenal neoplasms?

A

Early gonadectomization

73
Q

What zone of the adrenal gland is affected by Ferret adrenal neoplasms?

A

Zona reticularis

75
Q

Hyperaldosteronism in cats causes what syndrome?

A

Conn’s syndrome

76
Q

T/F: You need to do histo in order to differentiate between adenoma and carcinoma?

A

True

77
Q

Tumors of the thyroid can arise from what 3 cell types?

A

Follicular cells
Epithelial cells
Calcitonin cells

78
Q

What is a possible cause of endocrine inflammation?

A

Immune mediated in dogs
Just thyroid and adrenal glands

79
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder in fish?

A

Goiter

80
Q

What are some goiterogenic substances?

A

Brassica plants
Sulfonamides
Thiocyanate

81
Q

What percentage of Cushings cases are adrenal dependent? AKA primary Cushings disease

A

15%

82
Q

Adrenocortical tumors in dogs affect what part of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona fasciculata

83
Q

A sheep with goiter will have what pathological process?

A

Hypothyroid or euthyroid

84
Q

What pathological process can we classify these?

malformations

Hypoplasia/ atrophy

Hyperplasia/ hypertrophy

Neoplasia (tumors)

A

DISORDERS OF GROWTH

by far the most common exocrine disorders

85
Q

Female K9 comes into clinic with alopecia (bilateral symmetry), polyphgia, PU/PD, pot belly, and just STANKS like the dirty bitch that she is.

What kind of pathological process can we suspect

A

**DISORDERS OF GROWTH **

86
Q

Describe grossly and histologically (MDx) what a liver in a cushing’s K9 would look like

A

Grossly:

pale-yellow color

friable (cracks), Fatty liver, plump round margins

Histologically:

Hepatocytes filled with lipid and glycogen

**MDx: **Vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration

           - by steriod hepatopathy (increase cortisol release)
87
Q

Zones of the adrenal gland and what do they secrete

A

**Zona glomerulosa - **mineralcorticoids

**Zona fasciculata - **glucocorticoids, androgen

**Zona reticularis - **glucocorticoids, androgen

(ACT acts on both zona fsciculata and zona reticularis)

88
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex do most adrenocortical tumors arise from?

A

Zona Fasciculata

89
Q

Trifactor clinical signs associated hyperadrenocorticism - Cushings disease ?

A

Hepatomegaly

muscle atrophy

**fat redistribution **

  • neck pad fat
90
Q

If there is an adrenal tumor stimulating cortisol, what can we suspect the other adrenal gland to look like if functional?

A

Cortical Atrophy

  • the adrenal tumor is increasing cortisol in the body so the normal adrenal gland decreases its production/ activity resulting in atrophy** **

Pathology 2 (4 decks)

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