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Histology Exam 4 (Endo, Blood, Sensory) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the infundibulum

A

Stem and Median Eminence

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2
Q

Infundibulum connects….

A

The HT and pituitary

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3
Q

Adenohypophysis embryonic derivation

A

Ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity

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4
Q

Divisions of the adeno

A

distalis

tuberalis

intermedia

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5
Q

infundibulum is part of which part?

A

neurohypophysis

(other is Pars Nervosa)

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6
Q

anterior lobe is made of…

A

distalis and tuberalis

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7
Q

posterior lobe is made up of…

A

nervosa and intermedia

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8
Q

Hormones from anterior lobe that are stimulated by releasing hormones

A

Thyrotropin

Gonadotropin

Somatostatin

Growth Hormone

Corticotropin

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9
Q

Pituitary blood supply

A

superior & inferior hypophysial arteries

–inferior supplies pars nervosa

-superior supplies median eminence, upper infundibulum, (also lower infund. by way of connection to the inferior artery.

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10
Q

arteries supplying the median eminence and infundibulum end in…

A

capillary plexuses

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11
Q

venous drainage for pituitary

A

hypo. portal veins

(drain areas supplied by plexuses)

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12
Q

Pars distalis contains what vessels?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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13
Q

cells of the pars distalis

A

Chromophobes

3 subpopulations

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14
Q

3 populations of chromophobes

A
  1. Undifferentiated (NON-secretory)
  2. Degranulated chromophils
  3. Connective tissue/Follicular cells (form stromal network, phagocytic function)
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15
Q

Acidophil cell types

A

Mammotrophs

Somatotrophs

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16
Q

Staining cells of the pars distalis stain…

A

Eosin + orange G

*not PAS

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17
Q

Acidophils secrete what?

A

peptide hormones

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18
Q

Which are the bigger cells of the pars distalis

A

Basophils are bigger than acidophils

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19
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete?

A

**Growth Hormone **(somatotropin)

Under control of GHRH and GHIH

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20
Q

Where are mammotrophs, and what do they secrete?

A

In pars distalis, secrete prolactin

Controlled by Thyrotropin Release Factor and dopamine

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21
Q

What do type of product basophils secrete?

A

Glycoprotein secretions

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22
Q

Types of Basophil cell populations

A

Gonadotrophs

Corticotrophs

Thyrotrophs

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23
Q

FSH fxns

A

development of follicles

acts on sertoli cells to secrete ABP

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24
Q

LH fxns

A

steroidogenesis in follicles

rate of test synthesis in Leydig cells

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25
ACTH function
stimulate growth/ steroid synth in **Zona Fasiculata + Reticularis**
26
What do thyrotrophs secrete?
Thyrotropin = TSH under control of Thyrotropin releasing factor
27
Thyrotropin releasing factor controls release of what two elements?
Thyrotropin (TSH) and Prolactin
28
Limitation of H+E stain in pars distalis
can only distinguish acidophils, basophils and chromophobes
29
Pars Nervosa consists of...
Non myelinated axon processes and pituicytes
30
Cell bodies in Pars Nervisa are where?
PVN and SO nuclei of the hypothalamus
31
Describe pituicytes
they're glial cells, like astrocytes, and contain **glial fibrillary acidic proteins** can contain pigment granules
32
Neurons in the PN end near...
fenestrated capillary network
33
What do Nervisa axons contain?
**Herring Bodies** = granule filled dilations near the axon terminal
34
Oxytocin made where? Fxns?
#1 = PVN cells #2 = Supraoptic cells mammary gland secretion and uterine contractions
35
ADH secreted where? Fxns?
Mostly by SO, secondarily by PVN stimulates **Collecting Ducts** to reabsorb H20
36
What is Neurophysin?
the binding / Carrier protein, binds to hormones to transport down axons
37
Pars intermedia contains
Basophil and Chromophobe cells Rathke's cysts
38
What are Rathke's cysts?
Cuboidal-lined cavities that are remnants of pouch of same name
39
Pars Tuberalis contains...
Mostly **gonadotrophs** \*Also has a **highly vascular** region, contains the **portal** veins.
40
Prolactin secreting tumors can lead to...
lack of ovulation & Infertility
41
Primary pituitary destruction =
Intrinsic pituitary destruction
42
Pineal gland structural features
Covered by **Pia** _No_ BBB Divided into lobules by connective tissue septa (trabeculae)
43
cell types in pineal gland
**Pinealocytes** and **Glial** (interstitial) cells
44
Pinealocytes secrete
melatonin
45
Describe pinealocyte appearance
basophilic irregular lobulated nuclei silver stained have tortuous branches
46
brain sand is...
corpora arenacea CaPO4
47
Innervation of pineal
Sympathetic from superior cervical ganglia
48
Pineal tumors may...
obstruct aqueduct of Sylvius
49
Thyroid derived from
alimentary endoderm
50
Follicles lined by
simple cuboidal = **PRINCIPAL** cells secrete T3 + T4
51
High activity cells in thyroid become...
more columnar
52
principal cells may have...
vesicles (**colloidal resorption** droplets)
53
What is colloid?
**Glycoprotein thyriglobulin** that is an inactive storage form of thyroid hormones \*\*stains acidophilic
54
endothelial cells in capillaries of thyroid gland are...
fenestrated
55
Cell types in thyroid gland?
Principal cells Parafollicular cells
56
Other name for parafollicular cells
C cells
57
What do parafollicular cells secrete?
Calcitonin ("_C_" cells secrete **_C_**alcitonin)
58
Calcitonin fxn
Inhibit osteoClast activity Elevated Ca++ = more Calcitonin is secreted
59
What is the most important regulatory molecule in calcium metabolism
**PTH**! Calcitonin doesn't matter all that much.
60
Thyroglobulin synthesis
made in **rER** glycosylated in **rER + Golgi** released into lumen of follicle
61
iodide is oxidized in \_\_\_ enters \_\_\_\_, and iodinates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cytoplasm enters colloid tyrosine residues on THY (thyroglobulin)
62
TSH binds to
Follicular cell receptors
63
what happens after TSH binds to cell receptors
1. **colloid is endocytosed** and combined with lysosomes, 2. **Iodine is cleaved** from THY and T3 and T4 are released into cytosol and then at plasma basal membrane
64
Thyroid hormone functions
* stimulate gene transcription * general increase in metabolism (especially CHO) * decrease **cholesterol, PL's and TG's ****synthesis** but INCREASE fatty acid synthesis
65
Excess thyroid hormones may cause
tremors tiredness menstrual bleeding increase
66
Low iodine uptake may lead to
goiter (low t3/t4 = high tsh = follicular hyperplasia)
67
Graves disease is
Ab's against TSH receptor -- Hyperthyroidism
68
Hashimotos disease is
AI-mediated destriction of thyroid = hypothyroidism Thyroid imfiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells
69
Thyroid cancer more common in...
women
70
myxedema
skin swelling (localized)
71
Parathyroid cell types
chief + oxyphil
72
PT chief cells are also
Principal cells
73
Principal/chief cells have
irregular granules that contain PTH
74
PTH function
\*\*stimulates osteoclasts \*\*increase Ca++ resorption in **DCT** and **Intestines** (by stimulating **vitamin D synthesis** --\> increases **Calcium binding protein**) \*\*increase phosphate excretion
75
What are oxyphil cells?
Large eosinophilic cells with lots of **mitochondria** Appear after puberty but function unknown
76
Hyperparathoidism causes and effects
1. Ademona (80%) 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma Blood Ca++ is up and PO4 is down, bone cysts can occur.
77
HypoPTHism
Low Ca++ and High PO4, Tetany, cramps, INCREASED reflexes
78
Adrenal medulla cells
chromaffin cells -- granules contain NE or EPI \*Epi have smaller granules
79
ZF secretes what? Structure of ZF?
**Glucocorticoids** -- Cortisol and corticosterone sinusoidal capillaries are arranged **longitudinally** between parenchymal cell columns
80
ZG secretes what? What stimulates it?
Mineralocorticoids -- aldosterone synthesis stimulated by AT-2 and ACTH
81
ZR cells secrete what?
Gonadocorticoids -- DHEA and androstenedione
82
Order of Adrenal cortex
Glomerulosa, Fasiculata, Reticularis GFR
83
Pheochromocytoma can cause
hyperglycemia
84
Neuroblastoma doesn't affect
blood pressure
85
Conns syndrome
high Aldosterone (water retention) --\> **HTN + Hypokalemia**
86
Addisons
**adrenal insufficiency** = weakness, nausea, weightloss, **high ACTH** levels
87
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Acute cortical destruction Meningiococcal sepsis (ENDOtoxic shock)
88

Histology Exam 4 (Endo, Blood, Sensory) (3 decks)

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