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Histology Exam 4 (Endo, Blood, Sensory) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the infundibulum

A

Stem and Median Eminence

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2
Q

Infundibulum connects….

A

The HT and pituitary

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3
Q

Adenohypophysis embryonic derivation

A

Ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity

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4
Q

Divisions of the adeno

A

distalis

tuberalis

intermedia

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5
Q

infundibulum is part of which part?

A

neurohypophysis

(other is Pars Nervosa)

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6
Q

anterior lobe is made of…

A

distalis and tuberalis

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7
Q

posterior lobe is made up of…

A

nervosa and intermedia

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8
Q

Hormones from anterior lobe that are stimulated by releasing hormones

A

Thyrotropin

Gonadotropin

Somatostatin

Growth Hormone

Corticotropin

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9
Q

Pituitary blood supply

A

superior & inferior hypophysial arteries

–inferior supplies pars nervosa

-superior supplies median eminence, upper infundibulum, (also lower infund. by way of connection to the inferior artery.

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10
Q

arteries supplying the median eminence and infundibulum end in…

A

capillary plexuses

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11
Q

venous drainage for pituitary

A

hypo. portal veins

(drain areas supplied by plexuses)

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12
Q

Pars distalis contains what vessels?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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13
Q

cells of the pars distalis

A

Chromophobes

3 subpopulations

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14
Q

3 populations of chromophobes

A
  1. Undifferentiated (NON-secretory)
  2. Degranulated chromophils
  3. Connective tissue/Follicular cells (form stromal network, phagocytic function)
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15
Q

Acidophil cell types

A

Mammotrophs

Somatotrophs

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16
Q

Staining cells of the pars distalis stain…

A

Eosin + orange G

*not PAS

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17
Q

Acidophils secrete what?

A

peptide hormones

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18
Q

Which are the bigger cells of the pars distalis

A

Basophils are bigger than acidophils

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19
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete?

A

**Growth Hormone **(somatotropin)

Under control of GHRH and GHIH

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20
Q

Where are mammotrophs, and what do they secrete?

A

In pars distalis, secrete prolactin

Controlled by Thyrotropin Release Factor and dopamine

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21
Q

What do type of product basophils secrete?

A

Glycoprotein secretions

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22
Q

Types of Basophil cell populations

A

Gonadotrophs

Corticotrophs

Thyrotrophs

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23
Q

FSH fxns

A

development of follicles

acts on sertoli cells to secrete ABP

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24
Q

LH fxns

A

steroidogenesis in follicles

rate of test synthesis in Leydig cells

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25
Q

ACTH function

A

stimulate growth/ steroid synth in Zona Fasiculata + Reticularis

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26
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

Thyrotropin

= TSH

under control of Thyrotropin releasing factor

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27
Q

Thyrotropin releasing factor controls release of what two elements?

A

Thyrotropin (TSH) and Prolactin

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28
Q

Limitation of H+E stain in pars distalis

A

can only distinguish acidophils, basophils and chromophobes

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29
Q

Pars Nervosa consists of…

A

Non myelinated axon processes and pituicytes

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30
Q

Cell bodies in Pars Nervisa are where?

A

PVN and SO nuclei of the hypothalamus

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31
Q

Describe pituicytes

A

they’re glial cells, like astrocytes, and contain glial fibrillary acidic proteins

can contain pigment granules

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32
Q

Neurons in the PN end near…

A

fenestrated capillary network

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33
Q

What do Nervisa axons contain?

A

Herring Bodies = granule filled dilations near the axon terminal

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34
Q

Oxytocin made where? Fxns?

A

1 = PVN cells

mammary gland secretion and uterine contractions

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35
Q

ADH secreted where? Fxns?

A

Mostly by SO, secondarily by PVN

stimulates Collecting Ducts to reabsorb H20

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36
Q

What is Neurophysin?

A

the binding / Carrier protein, binds to hormones to transport down axons

37
Q

Pars intermedia contains

A

Basophil and Chromophobe cells

Rathke’s cysts

38
Q

What are Rathke’s cysts?

A

Cuboidal-lined cavities that are remnants of pouch of same name

39
Q

Pars Tuberalis contains…

A

Mostly gonadotrophs

*Also has a highly vascular region, contains the portal veins.

40
Q

Prolactin secreting tumors can lead to…

A

lack of ovulation & Infertility

41
Q

Primary pituitary destruction =

A

Intrinsic pituitary destruction

42
Q

Pineal gland structural features

A

Covered by Pia

No BBB

Divided into lobules by connective tissue septa (trabeculae)

43
Q

cell types in pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes and Glial (interstitial) cells

44
Q

Pinealocytes secrete

A

melatonin

45
Q

Describe pinealocyte appearance

A

basophilic

irregular lobulated nuclei

silver stained have tortuous branches

46
Q

brain sand is…

A

corpora arenacea

CaPO4

47
Q

Innervation of pineal

A

Sympathetic from superior cervical ganglia

48
Q

Pineal tumors may…

A

obstruct aqueduct of Sylvius

49
Q

Thyroid derived from

A

alimentary endoderm

50
Q

Follicles lined by

A

simple cuboidal = PRINCIPAL cells

secrete T3 + T4

51
Q

High activity cells in thyroid become…

A

more columnar

52
Q

principal cells may have…

A

vesicles (colloidal resorption droplets)

53
Q

What is colloid?

A

Glycoprotein thyriglobulin that is an inactive storage form of thyroid hormones

**stains acidophilic

54
Q

endothelial cells in capillaries of thyroid gland are…

A

fenestrated

55
Q

Cell types in thyroid gland?

A

Principal cells

Parafollicular cells

56
Q

Other name for parafollicular cells

A

C cells

57
Q

What do parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

(“C” cells secrete Calcitonin)

58
Q

Calcitonin fxn

A

Inhibit osteoClast activity

Elevated Ca++ = more Calcitonin is secreted

59
Q

What is the most important regulatory molecule in calcium metabolism

A

PTH!

Calcitonin doesn’t matter all that much.

60
Q

Thyroglobulin synthesis

A

made in rER

glycosylated in rER + Golgi

released into lumen of follicle

61
Q

iodide is oxidized in ___

enters ____, and iodinates ________

A

cytoplasm

enters colloid

tyrosine residues on THY (thyroglobulin)

62
Q

TSH binds to

A

Follicular cell receptors

63
Q

what happens after TSH binds to cell receptors

A
  1. colloid is endocytosed and combined with lysosomes,
  2. Iodine is cleaved from THY and T3 and T4 are released into cytosol and then at plasma basal membrane
64
Q

Thyroid hormone functions

A
  • stimulate gene transcription
  • general increase in metabolism (especially CHO)
  • decrease **cholesterol, PL’s and TG’s **synthesis but INCREASE fatty acid synthesis
65
Q

Excess thyroid hormones may cause

A

tremors

tiredness

menstrual bleeding increase

66
Q

Low iodine uptake may lead to

A

goiter (low t3/t4 = high tsh = follicular hyperplasia)

67
Q

Graves disease is

A

Ab’s against TSH receptor – Hyperthyroidism

68
Q

Hashimotos disease is

A

AI-mediated destriction of thyroid = hypothyroidism

Thyroid imfiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells

69
Q

Thyroid cancer more common in…

A

women

70
Q

myxedema

A

skin swelling (localized)

71
Q

Parathyroid cell types

A

chief + oxyphil

72
Q

PT chief cells are also

A

Principal cells

73
Q

Principal/chief cells have

A

irregular granules that contain PTH

74
Q

PTH function

A

**stimulates osteoclasts

**increase Ca++ resorption in DCT and Intestines (by stimulating vitamin D synthesis –> increases Calcium binding protein)

**increase phosphate excretion

75
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

Large eosinophilic cells with lots of mitochondria

Appear after puberty but function unknown

76
Q

Hyperparathoidism causes and effects

A
  1. Ademona (80%)
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Carcinoma

Blood Ca++ is up and PO4 is down, bone cysts can occur.

77
Q

HypoPTHism

A

Low Ca++ and High PO4,

Tetany, cramps, INCREASED reflexes

78
Q

Adrenal medulla cells

A

chromaffin cells – granules contain NE or EPI

*Epi have smaller granules

79
Q

ZF secretes what?

Structure of ZF?

A

Glucocorticoids – Cortisol and corticosterone

sinusoidal capillaries are arranged longitudinally between parenchymal cell columns

80
Q

ZG secretes what? What stimulates it?

A

Mineralocorticoids – aldosterone

synthesis stimulated by AT-2 and ACTH

81
Q

ZR cells secrete what?

A

Gonadocorticoids – DHEA and androstenedione

82
Q

Order of Adrenal cortex

A

Glomerulosa, Fasiculata, Reticularis

GFR

83
Q

Pheochromocytoma can cause

A

hyperglycemia

84
Q

Neuroblastoma doesn’t affect

A

blood pressure

85
Q

Conns syndrome

A

high Aldosterone (water retention)

–> HTN + Hypokalemia

86
Q

Addisons

A

adrenal insufficiency = weakness, nausea, weightloss, high ACTH levels

87
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

A

Acute cortical destruction

Meningiococcal sepsis (ENDOtoxic shock)

88
Q
A

Histology Exam 4 (Endo, Blood, Sensory) (3 decks)

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