Blood & Hemopoiesis

Question 1

Blood =

Answer 1

Formed elements + Plasma

Question 2

RBC’s are _____% of total blood volume

Answer 2

45%

Question 3

Reticulocytes mature when?

Answer 3

1-2 days after entering circulation

Question 4

Sickle cell is a change in

Answer 4

B chain. Glu–> Val mutation

Question 5

What proteins are defective in SC-Hb

Answer 5

Band3
Ankyrin
Spectrin
*get denatured and clustered

Question 6

Where are sickled cells sequestered (in spleen)?

Answer 6

cords and sinuses

Question 7

Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) is a defeiciency in…

Answer 7

Spectrin

60-90% of normal

Question 8

What happens to spherocytes?

Answer 8

they fail to pass into the splenic sinuses (stuck in cords)

Question 9

Platelets contain…

Answer 9

Alpha Granules (lysosomal)
Dense core Granules
Many microtubules in cytoplasm

Question 10

What do dense core granules have?

Answer 10

Serotonin, ADP, ATP, and Ca++

Question 11

How do platelets change upon activation?

Answer 11

Ruffling of cell membrane (cytoskeletal rearrangement - MT redistribution and Actin Polymerization)

Question 12

Neutrophils contain what?

Answer 12

Specific granules and azurophilic granules

Question 13

Describe neutrophilic specific granules

Answer 13

small, have Alk Phosphatase

Question 14

Describe neutrophilic azurophilic granules

Answer 14

large, have myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes

Question 15

Stab/Band cell

Answer 15

immature neutrophil – have horseshoe shaped nucleus

Question 16

lifespan of band cell

Answer 16

6-10 hrs. in blood

3d in tissues

Question 17

Basophilic granules contain

Answer 17

Hydrolytic enzymes
Histamine
Heparan Sulfate
Slow reacting substance

Question 18

basophils secrete…

Answer 18

Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor

Question 19

Basophils bind to what?

Answer 19

IgE

similar to mast cells

Question 20

Basophil nucleus appearance

Answer 20

lobed

Question 21

Eosinophil granules contain…

Answer 21

Arylsulfatase
Histaminase
Acid Phosphatase
Ribonuclease
Peroxidase

Question 22

Function of histaminase from Eosinophils

Answer 22

decreases allergic severity

Question 23

Eosinophil nucleus appearance

Answer 23

bilobed

Question 24

Eosinophil function

Answer 24

increase in amount during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 25

Monocyte appearance

Answer 25

Kidney shaped | contains lysosomes

Question 26

Monocyte function

Answer 26

regulation of immune response and inflammation

Question 27

Monocyte lifespan

Answer 27

1-3 days in blood

Question 28

Lymphocyte sizes

Answer 28

small 6-9 medium 10-12 large 13-18 *micrometers

Question 29

lymphocytes make up what percent of WBC?

Answer 29

20-35%

Question 30

Nucleus shape in lymphocytes

Answer 30

round/ oval for small & medium | may be RENIFORM in large

Question 31

B-Lymphoid cells derived from what?

Answer 31

bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells

Question 32

What are Null cells?

Answer 32

Large granular lymphocytes that may differentiate into NK cells or K (killer) cells

Question 33

Bone marrow is _________ in adult because it has more _______ marrow and less _______ marrow

Answer 33

It is less hematopoietic because it has more yellow (fat-storing) marrow and less red marrow

Question 34

What locations are good sources of red marrow in adults?

Answer 34

Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, femur (proximal)

Question 35

When does hematopoiesis begin?

Answer 35

Second week of gestation in the yolk sac sixth week in liver

Question 36

T cells have ______ than B cells

Answer 36

fewer surface projections

Question 37

what stimulates hematopoiesis?

Answer 37

CSF's (Colony stimulating factors... a form of cytokine)

Question 38

Types of CSF's

Answer 38

IL-7 GM-CSF M-CSF G-CSF

Question 39

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 39

From KIDNEY, stimulates CFU-E cells to differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS

Question 40

What happens after the initial erythroblast formation? (2 steps)

Answer 40

Ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm -- increases Basophilia = Basophilic Erythroblast Ribosomes bind mRNA and make Hb, which reduces basophilia = Polychromatic erythroblast

Question 41

What happens after polychromatic erythroblast stage?

Answer 41

[Hb] increases, cytoplasm turns pink = Orthochromatic Erythroblast

Question 42

What happens to the nucleus after Hemoglobin increases?

Answer 42

it condenses and undergoes HETEROCHROMATIC INVOLUTION Cell dumps nucleus (nuclear extrusion), polyribosomes, and most mitochondria -- becomes ERYTHROCYTE!

Question 43

Hb is degraded into what?

Answer 43

Bilirubin (excreted) and Iron (transported by glycoprotein Transferrin)

Question 44

Where does Iron go after Hb degradation?

Answer 44

Transferrin takes it to bone marrow to use to make new Hb

Question 45

Granulopoiesis is development from what cell type?

Answer 45

CFU-S cells

Question 46

1st Granulocyte precursor? Characteristics?

Answer 46

Myeloblast Large nucleus with 3 or more nucleoli NO GRANULES in basophilic cytoplasm

Question 47

Myeloblast develops into what? When does this happen?

Answer 47

Promyelocyte Happens when cytoplasm starts to accumulate azurophilic (nonspecific) granules Nucleus accumulates heterochromatin

Question 48

What is a metamyelocyte?

Answer 48

A cell that has SPECIFIC granules but hasnt completed nuclear condensation & lobulation (specific granules = neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic)

Question 49

Monocytes develop from

Answer 49

CFU-S cells | same as granulocytes, diff process that has Monoblast and Promonocyte stages

Question 50

Pathway for Neutrophil (PMN)

Answer 50

``` Stem cell Early myelocyte Early neutrophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic METAmyelocyte Neutrophil ```

Question 51

Thrombopoiesis involves

Answer 51

Megakaryocyte development

Question 52

Megakaryocytes are made from

Answer 52

CFU-S cells ----- then Megakaryoblasts

Question 53

Megakaryocytes are only in

Answer 53

Bone marrow

Question 54

Megakaryocytes nucleus is..

Answer 54

Polyploid (cell doesn't divide) As high as 64N! Process of ENDOMITOSIS

Question 55

What do Megakaryocytes release?

Answer 55

Pieces of their cytoplasm into Bone Marrow Vascular Channels --- Platelets

Question 56

When do Megakaryocytes fragment?

Answer 56

when cell PM fuses with sER membranes

Question 57

Platelet lifespan

Answer 57

7-10d

Question 58

Acute Lymphocytic

Answer 58

Rapid immature WBC growth, KIDS

Question 59

Acute Myelogenous

Answer 59

Unregulated WBC from Myeloid. ADULTS

Question 60

Chronic Lymphocytic

Answer 60

B cell cancer in adult males

Question 61

Chronic Myelogenous

Answer 61

Unregulated growth of PMN, eosinophils, basophils. Translocation between chromosome 9 & 22

Question 62

What is the Philidelphia chromosome

Answer 62

Translocation between 9 + 22 Associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia