Endocrine (24)

Question 1

What are the major endocrine glands?

Answer 1

• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Pineal
• Hypothalamus
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Gonads

These glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 2

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Major link between nervous and endocrine system

It secretes 9 hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Question 3

What is the master gland of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

Pituitary gland

Also known as the hypophysis.

Question 4

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

• Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
• Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

The two parts differ in hormone synthesis and secretion.

Question 5

What is the function of tropic hormones?

Answer 5

Act on another endocrine gland

These hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Question 6

Name three hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Answer 6

• Human growth hormone (hGH)
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

These hormones have specific target organs and effects.

Question 7

What is the target of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

Answer 7

Liver, bone, muscle

It stimulates insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and general body growth.

Question 8

What hormone stimulates the production/secretion of T3 and T4?

Answer 8

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH targets the thyroid gland.

Question 9

What is the primary role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

Answer 9

Stimulates production of eggs and sperm

It targets the ovaries and testes.

Question 10

What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) trigger in females?

Answer 10

Ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

LH also triggers the release of sex hormones.

Question 11

What is the effect of Prolactin (PRL)?

Answer 11

Promotes milk secretion

Its function in males and non-pregnant females is not well understood.

Question 12

What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

Answer 12

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys

ADH decreases urine production and increases blood pressure.

Question 13

What does the Pineal gland secrete?

Answer 13

Melatonin

Melatonin is involved with circadian rhythms and is produced during darkness.

Question 14

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 14

Lowers blood calcium levels

It inhibits osteoclasts and activates osteoblasts.

Question 15

What hormone is secreted by chief cells in the parathyroid glands?

Answer 15

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH increases blood calcium and magnesium levels.

Question 16

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 16

• Zona glomerulosa
• Zona fasciculata
• Zona reticularis

Each layer secretes different types of hormones.

Question 17

What is the main function of cortisol?

Answer 17

Secreted in response to stress; depresses the immune system

It also increases glucose release.

Question 18

What are the two main types of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

• Type I (Insulin dependent)
• Type II (Non-insulin dependent)

Type I is autoimmune, while Type II involves insulin resistance.

Question 19

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 19

• Estrogens
• Progesterone
• Inhibin
• Relaxin

These hormones play critical roles in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Question 20

What is the role of testosterone?

Answer 20

Regulates sperm production and maintains male secondary sex characteristics

It is secreted by the testes.

Question 21

What hormone is secreted by the placenta to maintain pregnancy?

Answer 21

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)

This hormone is crucial during early pregnancy.

Question 22

What is a goiter?

Answer 22

Enlarged thyroid gland

It can be caused by hypo or hyperthyroidism, often linked to iodine deficiency.

Question 23

True or False: The posterior pituitary synthesizes hormones.

Answer 23

False

The posterior pituitary only stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.