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WWU Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Define and describe gross anatomy of the Endocrine system

A

Glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands.

Organs: Pancreas, kidneys, ovaries, testes

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2
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Compare the control of mediator molecules

A

NS: Neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses

ES: Hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by blood

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3
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Compare the site of mediator action

A

NS: Close to site of release, at a synapse; binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane.

ES: Far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells.

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4
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Compare the types of target cells

A

NS: Muscles,
gland cells, other neurons.

ES: Cells throughout the body.

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5
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Compare the time to onset of action

A

NS: Typically within milliseconds (thousands of a second).

ES: Seconds to hours or days.

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6
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Compare the duration of action

A

NS: Generally short term (milliseconds)
ES: Generally longer (seconds to days)

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7
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Where are hypothalamic hormones released?

A

Into special blood vessels

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What controls the release of hormones?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary: Endocrine gland

What are the steps for hormone release?

A
  1. Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing hormones into the primary capillary plexus
  2. The Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to the AP where they stimulate release of hormones made in the AP.
  3. Rhe response of releasing hormones, the AP secretes hormones in the secondary capillary plexus. This then empties into the general circulation.
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10
Q

Posterior Pituitary: Nueroendocrine

Where do nerve impulses travel down?

A

The axons of hypothalamic nuerons

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary: Nueroendocrine

Where are hormones released?

A

From their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary: Nueroendocrine

What are the steps for hormone release?

A
  1. Hypothalamic neurons synthesize oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin and ADH are transported down the axons of the hypothalmohypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary gland.
  3. Oxytocin and ADH are stored in neurosecretory bodies in the posterior pituitary.
  4. Nerve impulses arrive at neurosecretory bodies causing oxytocin or ADH to be released into blood.
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13
Q

Thyroid Gland

Describe structure of the gland

A

In the antieror neck and made up of follicular and parafollicular cells.

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14
Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the function?

A

Secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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15
Q

Thyroid Gland

What are the function of the follicular cells?

A

Produce two thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

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16
Q

Parathyroid Glands

Where is it located?

A

The parathyroid glands usually lie on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

17
Q

Parathyriod Glands

What is the function?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for increasing blood calcium.

18
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

Where are they located?

A

Adrenal glands are located on the superior surface of the kidneys.

19
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

What is the anatomy?

A

Each adrenal gland is two glands in one: the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

20
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

What does the cortex produce?

A

Several hormones such as mineralcoricoides, androgens, and corticoids.

21
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

What does the medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

22
Q

Pancreas

Where is it located?

A

Posterior wall of the abominal cavity

23
Q

Pancreas

What is the function?

A

Functions as a dual organ in that it secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones.

24
Q

Pancreas

What hormones does it secrete and what cells secrete them?

A

Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin

25
Q

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

What are they the main source of?

A

Steroid sex hormones

26
Q

Endocrine cells

Where are they found in the body?

A

Various organs of the body including the heart, gastrointestinal tract and its derivatives, placenta, kidneys, and skin

WWU Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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