Endocrine Flashcards
What is the name of the diagnostic criteria for DM?
Draw the table of details
American Diabetic Association
- Fasting plasma glucose
- > = 7: DM
- 5.6~7: IFG
- 2h post-OGTT glucose / Random plasma glucose
- > = 11.1: DM
- 7.8~11: IGT
(5678, 711)
- HbA1c
- > =6.5%: DM
Time of fasting for fasting plasma
> =10h
Procedure for 2h post-OGTT plasma glucose
overnight fasting >=8h
1. Record plasma glucose at t0
2. Drink 75g anhydrous glucose in 300ml water in 10 mins
3. Sit quietly and check at 120min (additional check at 60min in case of pregnancy)
FP and FN of HbA1c results (4+3)
FP: splenectomy, pregnancy, IDA, prolonged aspirin intake
FN: splenomegaly, haemolytic anaemia, anti-oxidant
Alternative for HbA1c
Fructosamine (reflect 1~3 weeks)
Gestational diabetes diganosis by OGTT
[t0]
5.1~6.9: GDM
>=7: DM
[60min]
>=10: GDM
[120min]
8.5~11: GDM
>=11.1: DM
(511085)
Complications of gestational diabetes (2)
macrosomia –> difficult labour
faetal hyperinsulinaemia –> neonatal hypoglycaemia
Monitoring of glycation level for DM patients (3)
Point-of-care glucometry
Lipid profiles
Albuminuria & GFR
ADA therapeutic goals for DM patients
(HbA1c, pre-prandial BG, post-prandial BG, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C)
<7%
5~7.2
<10
<130
<80
<1.7
<1.8
>1.1 for male, >1.3 for female
Vascular complications of DM (6)
retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
cerebrovascular disease, CAD, PVD
2 ketones and their formation in DKA
acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate
↓ insulin/glucagon ratio –> ↑ lipolysis & FA oxidation –> ketoacids
Precipitating factors of DKA / HHS (2)
stress
discontinued injection of insulin
HHS full form
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
Na and K status in DKA / HHS
early hypoNa, late hyperNa
N or hyperK but total K deficit
Explain for the hyperK in DKA
ICF to ECF shift caused by insulin deficiency & hyperosmolality
Whipple’s triad
- plasma glucose <=2.5 by laboratory method
- hypoglycaemic symptoms
- symptoms relief after elevation of plasma glucose
Aetiology of hypoglycaemia (fasting, reactive)
Fasting:
- excessive utilization: insulin administration, oral hypoglycaemic, insulinoma, extra-pancreatic tumours
- diminished glucose production: adrenal insufficiency, GH deficiency, liver disease, renal disease, autoimmune cause
Reactive:
- post-gastrectomy syndrome
Others: alcohol
Further testing for fasting hypoglycaemia (4)
Serum insulin
C-peptide
IGF-2, IGFBP3
Triple function test for pituitary deficiency
- insulin tolerance test
- GnRH stimulation test
- TRH stimulation test
Hyperprolactinaemia DDx
Physiological: pregnancy, stress
Primary: Prolactinoma
Secondary: NFPAH, dopamine depleting / receptor blocking agents, hypothalamic disease
Tertiary: Primary hypothyroidism
Others: chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis
Free androgen index
= T/SHBG *100
> =5: hyperandrogenaemia
Klinefelter syndrome
47, XXY (primary hypogonadism in men)
Turner syndrome
45, X (primary hypogonadism in women)
Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Aim for progesterone withdrawal test
investigation of amenorrhoea
Iodine deficiency and excess aetiology (2+3)
Deficiency: pregnancy, malnutrition
Excess: contrast, amiodarone, eye drops & ointments
Jod-Basedow effect
failure to downregulate NIS in iodine excess –> hyperthyroidism
Wolff Chaikoff effect
iodine exposure –> inhibit iodide organification
Failure of escape –> hypothyroidism
Anti-thyroid antibodies involved in Dx of Hashimoto thyroiditis (2)
Anti-Tg Ab
Anti-TPO Ab