Endocrine Flashcards
What causes Adrenal virilism? What are its symptoms?
2 points
Overgrowth of adrenal cortex in Mature females
* Mature females develop male-like characteristics like moustache, beard and deep male voice
Condition due to Hyposecretion of cortisone from adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
Hypoglycemia, loss of weight, nausea, loss of energy, skin pigmentation, sensitivity to cold and pain, increased susceptibility to infections
condition due to Hypersecretion of Cortisone
Cushing’s syndrome
Hyperglycemia, obesity, osteoporosis, weakness, salt and water retention
4 general functions of cortisones
- Adapts body to stresses like heat, cold,etc
- Increases blood glucose conc.
- influences fat protein metabolism
- regulates salt water balance
What are functions of 3 types of cortisones?
- Mineralocorticoids: regulate mineral metabolism like Na+ & K+ ions
- Glucocorticoids: regulate protein, fat, carbohydrate metabolism
- Sex corticoids: act as male and female sex hormones in both sexes
What happens when there is overgrowth of adrenal cortex in children?
Leads to premature sexual maturity
Name the hormone secreting cells in pancreas. Which hormone is secreted and by which type of cell?
Islets of Langerhans are scattered in the entire gland
~ Beta cells: Insulin
~ Alpha cells: glucagon
What are hormones?
They are chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands into the blood stream and are carried to target organs which are at a distance from the source organ
brings chemical coordiation in the body
Difference between hormonal control and nervous control
5 points
- Usually slow || its rapid
- Transmitted chemically through blood || Transmitted electro-chemically through nerve fibres and chemically across synapse
- Effect is short term or long lasting || Effect is only short lived
- Can affect growth || cannot affect growth
- Regulates metabolism || cannot regulate metabolism
Give Reason:
- Exocrine glands are duct glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands
- Exocrine glands are duct glands since they pour their secretions into ducts which is then carried to their target organ
- endocrine glands are ductless glands since their secretions are poured directly into the blood and reaches the target organ which is at a distance from the source organ
General properties of Hormones
5 point
- Secreted from source gland, directly into blood stream
- They act on target cells that are at a distance from the source gland
- Produced in very small quantities and are biologically very active
- their excess or deficiency may lead to serious consequences
- hormones are not stored but excreted
Less important:
* they regulate physiological processes by chemical means. They effect enzyme system of body
What are different hormones made of, chemically?
3 point
- Insulin- peptides (water soluble)
- Adrenaline- amines (derived from amino acid; water soluble)
- Testosterone- steroids (derived from cholesterol; lipid-soluble)
Give reason
Insulin/adrenaline is not administered orally.
they are made of peptides/amines, which get digested and destroyed by enzymes if administered orally
- State location of adrenal glands
- Parts of the adrenal gland
- secretions of those parts
- Adrenal glands are fitted like caps on top of both kidneys
- 2 parts are- adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla- adrenaline ; Adrenal cortex-Cortisone
Condition caused due to overgrowth of adrenal cortex in mature people?
Adrenal virilism
What is body’s response to adrenaline wrt Heart, Arterioles of skin, muscles and why?
- Heart beats fast; Increased blood pressure- To send more oxygen and glucose to muscles (thumping heart)
- Arterioles of skin are constricted- more blood available for the muscles and less blood for skin (pale appearance)
- muscles get tensed- ready for immediate action (shivering)
What is body’s response to adrenaline wrt Breathing centre of brain, Arterioles of digestive system, liver and why?
- Faster and deeper Breathing- to oxygenate the blood faster & Rapidly remove CO2 (panting)
- Arterioles of digestive system are constricted- more blood goes to muscles and less to digestive system (dry mouth)
- liver converts glycogen to glucose- more glucose in blood for energy production by respiration
General functions of adrenaline
3 point
- Increases heart beat and blood pressure
- Increases blood supply to muscles while reducing it from skin and visceral organs
- liver converts glycogen to glucose to increase glucose in blood
Function of Insulin
2 point
- Promotes utilization of glucose by the body cells thereby reducing blood suger level
- stimulates the deposition of extra glucose of the blood as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Alt question: How does insulin reduce blood sugar level (same ans)
Function of glucagon
It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to form glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar level in blood
Alt question: How does glucagon increase blood sugar level (same ans)
Condition due to hyposecretion of insulin. What are the symptoms?
4 symptoms
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia, excessive urination loaded with sugar, thirst due to loss of water, loss of weight and weakness
Condition due to hypersecretion of insulin. What are the symptoms?
2 symptoms
Hypoglycemia
Brain may enter state of coma, Unconsciousness due to insulin shock
What happens when a patient gets overdose of insulin? how can they be helped?
they become unconscious due low blood sugar. This is called insulin shock and a prompt bite of sugar candy can help them.
Where is thyroid located? What hormone does it secrete
- It is a bilobed structure situated in front of the neck, just below the larynx. The 2 lobes are connected by a narrow isthmus.
- Hormone- Thyroxine
General functions of thyroxine?
2 point
- Regulates the basal metabolism i.e. The rate of cellular oxidation resulting in heat production on rest
- it influences the general growth of body, ossification of bones, body temperature, mental development,etc
What are the conditions caused due to insufficient secretion of thyroxine? What are the symptoms?
3 conditions
- Simple Goitre: It is the enlargement of the thyroid gland and is visible as a swelling in the neck
- Cretinism: Affects growth of children by showing dwarfism and mental retardation. Caused due to defective development or early atrophy of thyroid
- Myxoedema: Affects adults if their thyroid isn’t functioning properly. Causes person to become sluggish with swelling in face and hands
Fill in the blanks
(i) Undersecretion of thyroxine can also be called _ _ _ _ _ _
(ii) Oversecretion of thyroxine can also be called _ _ _ _ _
(i) Hypothyroidism
(ii) Hyperthyroidism
Condition caused due to hypersecretion of thyroxine? What are the symptoms
5 Symptoms
Exophthalmic Goitre
Marked increase in metabolic rate, rapid heart beat, protruding eyes, shortness of breath, forms goitre in neck
Give reason
Simple goitre is common in hilly regions.
The soil in hilly regions are deficient in iodine due to which there is insufficient Iodine in the food grown there. Since Iodine is responsible for thyroxine production, the people suffer from simple goitre
Fill in the blanks
_ _ _ _ is crucial for thyroxine synthesis
Iodine
What is the location of Pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is a small projection which hangs from the base of the midbrain, below the hypothalamus
Give reason
Pituitary gland is called master gland
It is called master gland because it seems to controls practically all other endocrine glands
Name the 3 parts of the pituitary gland
- Prosterior pituitary
- Intermediate lobe (front part of prosterior pituitary)
- Anterior pituitary
State the Hormones secreted by the Anterior pituitary and their function
4 point
- (GH) Growth hormone/ Somatotropin: Essential for normal growth
- (TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/ thyrotropic hormone: Activates thyroid to secrete thyroxine
- Gonadotropic Hormone/ Gonad stimulating hormone: Regulates activities of testes and ovaries
- (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: Regulates activities of Adrenal cortex
- What are tropic hormones?
- Which part secretes these hormones?
- Give 2 examples
- They are hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their own specific hormone
- Secreted by Anterior pituitary gland
Eg: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/ Gonadotropic hormone
What are the hormones produced by Prosterior Pituitary? State 2 functions each.
- (ADH) AntiDiuretic Hormone: Constricts blood vessels with rise in blood presure; Acts on kidneys to increase reabsorption of water from kidney tubules
- Oxytocin: Stimulates Uterine contractions during childbirth; Stimulates milk ejection.
What happens when there is oversecretion and undersecretion of GH in childhood?
- Oversecretion: causes Gigantism; the long bones lengthen beyond normal and human giants are produced
- Undersecretion: causes Dwarfism; though fully developed, the body retains body proportions of a child
What happens when there is oversecretion of GH in an adult?
Acromegaly
causes excessive growth of bones in the face and feet; person develops big nose and thick lips
Condition caused due to undersecretion of ADH? What are its symptoms?
Diabetes insipidus (water diabetes)
urination becomes frequent and copious, resulting in loss of water from body, person becomes thirsty
What is the difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus?
In diabetes mellitus, the urine contains glucose due to insufficient insulin.
In diabetes Insipidus, the urine has no glucose and is tasteless
State the types and functions of Gonadotropic hormone
- (FSH) Follicle stimulating hormone: Stimulates formation of egg is females and sperm in males
- (LH) Luteinizing Hormone: Stimulates production of progesterone in ovaries and testosterone in testes of males
What is TRH and where is it produced?
Thyroid Releasing Hormone is produced in the hypothalamus; stimulates anterior pituitary to produce TSH
Give full form of:
- ACTH
- TSH
- TRH
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- Thyroid Releasing Hormone
Give full form of:
- FSH
- GH
- LH
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- Growth Hormone
- Luteinizing Hormone
True or False (correct if false):
Humans have a large and functional intermediate lobe in the pituitary gland
False
The pituitary gland is almost absent in humans but is much larger and more functional in other animals
