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Biology yey > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

State the three principal circulatory fluids in the body and their location

A

BLOOD : in the heart and blood vessels
LYMPH : in the lymphatic organs such as spleen and tonsils
TISSUE FLUID : in the space between the tissues

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2
Q

What are the two functions of a blood clot?

A
  • Prevents further loss of blood
  • Prevents disease causing germs from entering
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3
Q

Plasma which lacks fibrinogen is called

A

serum

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4
Q

Name the scientific names of the following:
1. WBCs
2. RBCs
3. Platelets
4. Pacemaker

A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
  4. Sino - Atrial Node (SAN)
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5
Q

G.R: Sleeping near burning furnaces in small rooms without ventilation can result in carbon monoxide poisoning.

A
  • Hb has v strong affinity for CO
  • forms stable compound called carboxyhaemoglobin
  • compound reduces O2 carrying capacity of RBC
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6
Q

Site of formation of RBCs in:
1. Adults
2. Infants up to age 5
3. Embryo

A
  1. Bone marrow of long bones such as ribs, ilium, breastbone, femur
  2. Bone marrow of all bones of the body
  3. Liver and Spleen
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7
Q

Life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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8
Q

Site of destruction of RBC

A

Liver and Spleen

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9
Q

How does the loss of nucleus in RBC make them more efficient?

A
  • Increases surface area for max absorption of O2, helps accommodate more RBC
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10
Q

How does loss of mitochondria in RBC make them more efficient?

A
  • means no abs of oxygen by the RBC will take place for its own cellular respiration
  • more O2 going to the tissues and cells
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11
Q

How does the absence of ER in RBC make them more efficient

A
  • ER is responsible for maintaining structure of cells
  • Absence makes the RBC more flexible for mvt through narrow capillaries
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12
Q

Abnormal increase in level of RBC is called:

A

Polycythaemia

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13
Q

Abnormal decrease in level of RBC is called:

A

Erythropenia

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14
Q

Define diapedesis

A

It is the process by which WBCs ooze out through the narrow capillaries (using pseudopodia like features)

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15
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

It is the process by which the WBCs engulf disease causing bacteria.

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16
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

It is the condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the level of WBC at the cost of RBCs

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17
Q

Abnormal decrease in WBC

A

Leukopenia

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18
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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19
Q

When bhabha went to get a blood test because she was sneezing a lot, a high concentration of Eosinophils was observed whatever blah blah. what might she be having?

A

ALLERGIES bitch

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20
Q

Basophils release which chemical?

A

Histamines

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21
Q

Needee went to get a blood test and a high count of ____ was found and she was diagnosed with some random infection. Fill in the blanks

A

basophils :P

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22
Q

Name the agranulocyte that is responsible for the production of antibodies

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the composition of pus?

A

Dead WBC w tissue cells destroyed by bacteria

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24
Q

toxins

A

germ / secretion of harmful microorganisms which can induce the production of antitoxins

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25
Q

antigens

A

foreign substance that enters the body and is capable of inducing production of antibodies

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26
Q

antibodies

A

are proteins / chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes in response to the entry of an antigen. they eventually end up killing the antigen.

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27
Q

Logical sequence of blood clotting:

A

Injured cells / tissues release THROMBOKINASE
- thrombokinase / stuart factor activates INACTIVE PROTHROMBIN and converts it to ACTIVE THROMBIN
- thrombin activates INACTIVE, SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN and converts it to ACTIVE, INSOLUBLE FIBRIN
- fibrin forms network of sticky threads and traps RBCs to form
- CLOT / THROMBUS

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28
Q

What vitamin is required for the production of prothrombin?

A

Vitamin (me) K

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29
Q

_______ is the inability of blood to clot. How is it transmitted?

A

Haemophilia, genetically

30
Q

Haemorrhages can be caused due to:

A

abnormally low counts of platelets

31
Q

Concept of blood grouping was discovered by:

A

Karl Landsteiner

32
Q

What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group A

A

Antigen A, Antibody B

33
Q

What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group B

A

Antigen B, Antibody A

34
Q

What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group AB

A

Antigen A and B, neither antibody A nor B

35
Q

What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group O

A

Neither antigen A nor B, both antibody A and B

36
Q

Blood group O is called the universal donor. Give reason.

A
  • can donate to A,B,AB and O
  • Neither antigen A nor B is present on the surface of RBC
37
Q

Blood group AB is called the universal recipient. Give reason.

A
  • can accept from A,B,AB and O
  • Neither antibody A nor B is present in the plasma
38
Q

Explain Rh factor in pregnancy.

A

if an Rh-ve woman carries an Rh+ve baby in her stomach, during delivery if a small amt of blood gets intermixed, she gets Rh sensitized. If another baby that is Rh+ve is conceived too soon, it may lead to the death of the foetus due to the antigen still being present in the mothers body.

39
Q

Explain Rh factor in blood transfusion.

A

If an Rh-ve person recieves blood from an Rh+ve person, they get sensitized within abt 2 weeks of transfusion. If a second transfusion using Rh+ve blood happens too soon, the antibodies created by the Rh-ve person react with the transfused blood and can also lead to death.

40
Q

State the location and function of the heart.

A

L: In the centre of the chest cavity between the two lungs and above the diaphragm, with its tip slightly tilted towards the left.
F: Pumps blood to diff parts of the body.

41
Q

The pericardium contains a fluid. Name the fluid and state its function.

A

Fluid : Pericardial fluid
F: Reduces friction during heart beat and protects the heart from mechanical injuries.

42
Q

Left ventricle has the thickest walls compared to the other 3 chambers of the hearts

A
  • single most powerful contraction in the body
  • blood pumped out by it needs to have enough pressure to reach the cells of the brain and the tip of the toes
43
Q

Name the blood vessels entering the heart

A
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • 4 Pulmonary veins
44
Q

Name the blood vessels leaving the heart

A
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Aorta
  • Coronary arteries
45
Q

What causes heart attacks

A

blockage of coronary arteries

46
Q

Scientific name of heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction

47
Q

What is Angina Pectoris

A

chest pain caused due to insufficient blood supply to the muscles of the heart.

48
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise and where do the coronary veins drain into?

A

C.R arise from the base of the aorta
C.V drain into the right auricle

49
Q

Name the 1st step of the cardiac cycle and its duration

A

Auricular Systole and Ventricular Diastole. It lasts for 0.15s

50
Q

How are the valves during the 1st step of the cardiac cycle.
What is the sound produced and by what

A

The atrio ventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed. “Dub” and it is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during the ventricular diastole.

51
Q

Name the 2nd step of the cardiac cycle and its duration

A

Ventricular Systole and Auricular Diastole. It lasts for 0.30 s

52
Q

How are the valves during the 2nd step of the cardiac cycle. What is the sound produced and by what.

A

The atrio ventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are opened. “Lubb” and it is produced by the opening of the semilunar valves during the ventricular Systole.

53
Q

Name the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle. How long does it last?

A

Joint Diastole. 0.40s

54
Q

Duration of the entirity of the cardiac cycle

A

0.85s

55
Q

How many beats per minute does the heart beat

A

72 bpm

56
Q

Expand:
SAN
AVN

A

Sino Atrial Node
Atrio Ventricular Node

57
Q

State the location and function of the SAN

A

L: At the opening of the vena cava in the right
auricle
F:Initiates heart beat

58
Q

State the location and function of the AVN

A

L: Between the auricles and ventricles on the atrio
ventricular septum
F: Initiates the contraction of ventricles

59
Q

State the logical sequence for the electrical impulse responsible for the initiation of heartbeat

A

SAN → AVN → Bundle of HIS → Purkinje Fibres

60
Q

What is caused due to the failure of the SAN to generate an electrical impulse?

A

Cardiac Arrest

61
Q

What is the structure that holds the heart valves in position?

A

Chordae Tendinae

62
Q

State the function of chordae tendinae

A

Keeps the bicuspid and tricuspid valves in
position/ and prevents their overturning into the
atria during ventricular systole.

63
Q

An artery has :
1______ muscular walls
2______ lumen
3_______ blood except for the 4 _________ artery which contains 5_______ blood

A
  1. Thick
  2. Narrow
  3. Oxygenated
  4. Pulmonary
  5. Deoxygenated
64
Q

A vein has:
1. _______ muscular walls
2. _______ lumen
3. _______ blood except for the 4.__________vein which contains 5.______blood

A
  1. Thin
  2. Wide
  3. Deoxygenated
  4. Pulmonary
  5. Oxygenated
65
Q

Blood flows through the arteries in jerks and do not require valves.

A

Due to high pressure due to powerful contractions of the ventricles and narrow lumen.

66
Q

Capillaries have no _______

A

muscular walls

67
Q

What are the functions of capillaries (3M)

A
  • Allow outward diffusion of O2 into tissue fluid and from there into cells
  • Allow diapedesis
  • Allow inward diffusion of CO2 from tissue fluid.
68
Q

Give 3 structural differences b/w arteries and veins

A

Arteries are deeper placed, do not collapse when empty and have no valves.

Veins are more superficial, collapse when empty and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

69
Q

Define an artery

A

Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart and into an organ

70
Q

Define a vein

A

Blood vessel which carries blood from an organ to the heart (except hepatic portal vein

Biology yey (10 decks)

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