Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patient Care > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Endocrine System

A

Differentiate reproductive and CNS in developing fetus
Stimulate sequential growth and development during childhood and adolescence
Coordinate male and female reproductive systems
Maintain optimal internal environment throughout life (homeostasis)
Initiate the corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted into blood stream from endocrine glands
Initiate or regulate activity of organ or group of cells in another part of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of Hormones

A

Specific rates and patterns of secretion
Operate in feedback system
Affect only target cells with specific receptors
Excreted by kidneys or deactivated by liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters

A

Both must bind to a receptor to send signal
Neurotransmitters localized
Hormones widespread
Hormones slower and longer lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proteins + Peptides

A

Hormones mad from chains of amino acids
Water-soluble
On cell surface, cannot enter cell membrane
Circulate in free unbound forms
Short half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steroids

A

From cholesterol
Lipid soluble
Action within cell
Transported by carrier or binding proteins
Last in blood for hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amines

A

Simple molecules, act like proteins/peptides or steroids, derived from tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormone Release

A

Response to altered cellular environment or in maintenance of regulated level of hormone or other substance
Negative feedback
Endocrine regulation
Neural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormone Transport

A

Throughout blood and by lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Target Cell Receptor Functions

A

Recognize and bind specifically to particular hormone
Initiate signal to appropriate intracellular effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Direct Effect Action

A

Changes in cell function specifically from stimulation by a particular hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Permissive Effect Action

A

Less obvious changes that facilitate maximal response or function of a cell
Hormone cannot exert full effects without presence of another hormone
Synergistic or antagonistic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormone Removal

A

Concentration returns to normal follow target action.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions to inactivate a hormone
Excreted by kidney
Deactivated by liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links nervous system to endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis
Control hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypothalamic Homeostasis

A

Exerts control on ANS
Receives information from internal environment, operates on the environment by projecting onto the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypothalamic Control

A

HR and BP
Temp, sweating
Fluid and electrolyte balance, thirst
Digestion, appetite, body weight
Glandular secretion of stomach and intestines
Production of substances influencing pituitary gland
Sleep cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones Anterior Pituitary

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone
Dopamine
Gondatropin releasing hormone
Growth releasing hormone
Melatonin
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

A

Combines with vasopressin to stimulate AP to secrete ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin from AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gondatropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates AP to secrete LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Growth releasing hormone

A

Stimulates AP to secrete growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Melatonin

A

Influences sleep pattern and immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Somatostain

A

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone for the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

Stimulates AP to secrete TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Oxytocin

A

Influences uterus and milk ejection in pregnant/lactating women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vasopressin

A

Influences water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hypothalamic Dysfunction

A

Depression
Hyperactivity
Sleep disorders
Hormone dysfunction
Immune system disorders
Autonomic system dysfunction
Abnormal responses to stress
Temp regulation problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Functionally linked to hypothalamus
Affects almost every body function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Anterior Pituitary Regulation

A

Secretion of hypothalamic peptide hormones or releasing factor
Feedback effects of hormones secreted by target cells
Direct effects of mediating neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Also effects CNS, cardiovascular, calcium metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Prolactin

A

Proliferation and secretion of mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles
Regulates menstruation or spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Regulates reproduction
Ovulation, formation of corpus lute or spermatogenesis and secretion of sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Somatotropin
Promotes growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Increased GH Stimulation

A

1 hour after sleep
Hypoglycemia
Exercise
Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

GH Regulation

A

Negative feedback loop via somatostatin to tell hypothalamus to stop producing GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pituitary Adenoma

A

Benign tumour classified based on size
Hypersecretion of pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Effect of Pituitary Adenoma

A

Gigantism and acromegaly from too much GH
Cushing’s disease from ACTH
Hyperthyroidism from TSH
Pituitary apoplexy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Hormonal disorder from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

S/Sx of Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Upper body obesity, round face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning arms and legs
Women have excess hair growth on faces, necks, chest, abdomens, and thighs, menstrual periods irregular or stop
Men have decreased fertility with decreased sex drive
Fatigue, weak muscles, HTN, high BS, irritable, anxious, depressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Hormones packaged in neurons of hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary
Released from depolarization

45
Q

Vasopressin

A

Increased water reabsorption and more concentrated urine
Increased secretion in response to increased plasma osmolality

46
Q

Increases of ADH secretion

A

Decreased intravascular volume
Stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea, nicotine, exposure to heat + drugs
Vasoconstrictor at high doses

47
Q

Decreases of ADH secretion

A

Plasma osmolality, increased intravascular volume, HTN, alcohol ingestion

48
Q

Oxytocin

A

Women: contractions of uterus and milk ejection
Men: sperm motility, prostate

49
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH

A

Small cell lung carcinoma
Hyponatremia and inappropriately concentrated urine

50
Q

Management of SIADH

A

Water restriction
Seizure treatment with 3% saline
Na replacement slow

51
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Located in neck below larynx
Produces hormones that control rate of metabolic processes throughout body

52
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

53
Q

Role of Thyroid Hormones

A

Increases rate of protein, fat, glucose metabolism, results in increased body temp
Works with parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels
Promotes GI tract, cardiovascular, reproductive and temp functions
Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
Promotes growth and development
CNS function and development

54
Q

Hypothyroidism Causes

A

Congenital defects, autoimmune disorders (hashimoto’s disease, sarcoidosis)
Iodine deficiency
Medications (amio, lithium)
Abnormal growth/tumours (thyroid/pituitary)

55
Q

Neuro + hypothyroidism

A

Confusion, syncope, lethargy

56
Q

Pulmonary + hypothyroidism

A

Dyspnea, hypoventilation + CO2 retention from changes in respiratory muscles

57
Q

Reproductive + hypothyroidism

A

Decrease hormones causing an ovulation, oligospermia

58
Q

Endocrine + Hypothyroidism

A

Increased prolactin

59
Q

Hematological + Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease red cell mass, iron, and folate absorption

60
Q

Cardiovascular + hypothyroidism

A

Decrease SV, HR, CO, increase PVR, cold intolerance, enlarged heart

61
Q

ECG Changes + Hypothyroidism

A

Bradycardia
Prolonged PR
Depressed P waves
Flattened or inverted T waves
Low amplitude QRS

62
Q

Renal + Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease blood flow and GF causing increased water retention + hyponatremia

63
Q

GI + Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease appetite, weight gain, fluid retention, decrease metabolism, glucose absorption, increased insulin sensitivity

64
Q

MSK + Hypothyroidism

A

Muscle aching + stiffness, decrease bone formation, increase bone density, aching + stiff joints

65
Q

Integumentary + Hypothyroidism

A

Dry, flaky, brittle head and body hair, reduced growth of hair + nails, slow wound healing, cool skin

66
Q

Myxedema

A

Sign of severe + long standing hypothyroidism
Altered composition of dermis and tissues from hyaluronic acid

67
Q

Diseases causing hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease
Adenoma/Plummer’s Disease
Thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer

68
Q

Endocrine + hyperthyroidism

A

Enlarged thyroid gland, increased cortisol degradation, hypercalcemia, decreased insulin sensitivity

69
Q

Reproductive + Hyperthyroidism

A

Impotence, amenorrhea

70
Q

GI + Hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss, peristalsis, n/v, anorexia, abdominal pain, increase use of hepatic glycogen stores and adipose + protein stores

71
Q

Integumentary + Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess sweating, heat intolerance, temporary hair loss

72
Q

Sensory + Hyperthyroidism

A

Elevated upper eyelid, blinking, protruding eyeballs

73
Q

Cardiovascular + hyperthyroidism

A

Increased CO, decreased PVR

74
Q

Nervous + Hyperthyroidism

A

Restlessness, short attention span, fatigue, tremor, insomnia

75
Q

Pulmonary + Hyperthyroidism

A

Dyspnea

76
Q

S/Sx Thyroid Storm

A

Enhanced SNS activity
CNS effects
Cardiovascular
GI

77
Q

Parathyroid Gland Function

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone to maintain levels of calcium in blood and ECF

78
Q

PTH in Kidney

A

Acts on plasma receptor in proximal tubule of nephron
Increases calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphorus reabsorption
Decreases proximal tubule reabsorption of bicarb
Stimulates synthesis of vitamin D
Increases GI absorption of calcium

79
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Made of inner medulla and outer cortex

80
Q

Role of Adrenal Gland

A

Regulates stress
Cholesterol needed

81
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Best in relation to SNS
Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Secretes epi and NE

82
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Outer region of adrenal gland

83
Q

Zones of adrenal cortex

A

Zone Glomerulosa
Zone Fasciculata
Zone Reticularis

84
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Steroids

85
Q

Cortisol

A

Main secretory hormone of adrenal cortex
Secreted by ACTH via hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

86
Q

Cortisol + Insulin

A

Decreases glucose uptake and increases synthesis in liver
provides amino acids for glucose production in liver
Promote lipolysis and increased blood cholesterol levels

87
Q

Aldosterone

A

Most potent mineralocorticoid
Maintains salt + water balance and promotes K excretion
Stimulates RAAS

88
Q

Androgens

A

Primarily dehydroepiandosterone
Precursos to sex hormones

89
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumors of adrenal gland which produce excessive catecholamines
Secrete excess epi and NE
Can be life threatening due to adrenal crisis

90
Q

Glucagon + Pheochromocytoma

A

Stimulates adenylate cyclase to produce increase cAMP, promotes hepatic glycolysis + gluconeogenesis, resulting in rise in BG

Effect of glucagon on heart resembles catecholamines

91
Q

Dopamine + Pheochromocytoma

A

Sympathomimetic agent

92
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Tumor in pituitary gland stimulating excess release of cortisol from adrenal gland through large amounts of ACTH

93
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Too much cortisol in blood stream (regardless of cause)

94
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Production of insufficient glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

95
Q

S/Sx of Adrenal Crisis

A

Severe vomiting + diarrhea
Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Altered LOC
Hypoglycemia
Seizures
Sudden penetration pain in the legs
Lower back or abdomen pain

96
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine + exocrine gland

97
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

98
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by alpha cells and cells lining GI tract
Release inhibited by high glucose and increased by low glucose
Stimulated by alanine, glycine, and asparagines
Acts in liver through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Antagonistic to insulin

99
Q

Glucagone Secretion

A

Hypoglycemia
Amino acids
Acetylcholine
NE
Epinephrine

100
Q

Inhibition of Secretion

A

Fatty acids
Somatostatin
Insulin

101
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by beta cells
Promotes glucose uptake from blood to cells
Synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
Intracellular transport of K
Promotes glucose storage
Enhances glycolysis
Promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis

102
Q

Regulating Insulin

A

Chemical, hormonal, and neural control

103
Q

Somatostatin

A

GHIH
Produced by Delta cells
Essential in carb, fat and protein metabolism
Regulates alpha cell and beta cell function by regulating secretions of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide

104
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Inability of beta cells to produce insulin
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells

105
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Impaired ability of tissues to respond to insulin
Normal or higher amounts of insulin in circulation

106
Q

DKA Patho

A

Cells cant use glucose
Free fatty acids metabolized
Osmotic diuresis
High anion gap, vasodilation, Kussmauls

107
Q

HHS

A

Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
Decreased utilization of glucose from insulin resistance
Osmotic diuresis with glycosuria and volume depletion
No kussmauls resps

108
Q

HHS vs DKA

A

HHS different with greater degree of hyperglycemias, lesser degree of acidosis, absent/minimal serum + urine ketones

109
Q

Glucagon uses

A

Hypoglycaemia
Beta blocker toxicity
Anaphylaxis with refractory hypotension
CCB toxicity refractory to IV calcium
Relief of lower esophageal foreign body

Patient Care (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions