Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-diabetes diagnostic criteria:
A. Fasting plasma glucose
B. 2 hour 75 g oral glucoses tolerance test (OGTT)
C. HbA1c

A

A. 6.1-6.9 mmol/L

B. 7.8-11.0 mmol/L

C. 6.0-6.4%

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2
Q

T or F: those diagnosed as pre-diabetic often become diabetic

A

False: 50-80% revert to normal glucose tolerance (with weight loss and lifestyle modifications)

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3
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Hyperglycemia due to impairment of insuline secretion (type 1), defective insulin action (type 2) or both

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4
Q

Microvascular and macrovascular complications with diabetes mellitus

A

Micro: affects eyes, kidneys, nerves

Macro: cardiovascular, stroke, peripheral vascular disease

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5
Q
Diabetes mellitus diagnostic criteria
A. Fasting plasma glucose
B. 2 hour 75 g OGTT
C. Random plasma glucose
D. HbA1c
A
You need ONE of the following to qualify for DM
A. > 7.0 mmol/L
B. > 11.1 mmol/L
C. > 11.1 mmol/L
D. > 6.5%

You need a confirmatory test done on another day IF you DON’T have other DM symptoms

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6
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Acute complication of T1D (or T2D in severe cases)

Polyuria, -dypsia, -phagia, marked fatigue, dehydration, LOC, fruity breath, kussmaul’s respiration

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7
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

A

Acute complication of T2D

Insideous onset preceded by weakness, polyuria and -dypsia, LOC, dehydration

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8
Q

Hypoglycemia: blood glucose levels

A

<4.0 mmol/L

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9
Q

hypoglycemic clinical features

A
  • palpitations and tachycardia
  • sweating
  • anxiety
  • tremor
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10
Q

Whipple’s triad and hypoglycemiA

A
  1. fasting hypoglycemia with symptoms (dizzy, headache, cloudy vision, mental dullness, fatigue, confusion)
  2. blood glu <2.5 mmol/L (men) and <2.2 mmol/L (women)
  3. giving glucose improves symptoms
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11
Q
With primary hyperthyroidism, you would see [ ] T3/4 and [ ] TSH
A. Increased, decreased
B. Increased, increased
C. Decreased, decreased
D. Decreased, increased
A

A–> it’s an issue with the thyroid gland itself (thus producing too much T3/4). The pituitary gland is like “oh shit we gotta chill with stimulating the thyroid” so the TSH levels are decreased

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12
Q
With secondary hyperthyroidism, you would see [ ] T3/4 and [ ] TSH
A. Increased, decreased
B. Increased, increased
C. Decreased, decreased
D. Decreased, increased
A

B–> it’s a pituitary issue, thus producing too much TSH leading to high T3/4 levels

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13
Q

Thyrotoxicosis (primary and secondary hyperthyroidism): clinical picture

A

Thyroid hormones basically make you an ideal human (improved GI function, good cardiac output, appearance, etc), so elevated T3/4 takes it to an extreme

  • fatigue, heat intolerance, irritable
  • weight loss, increased appetite, IBS
  • tachycardia and palpitation
  • decreased bone mass
  • fine hair, sweaty skin, pruritis
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14
Q

Grave’s disease

A

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
-low TSH, increased T3/4

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15
Q

Subacute thyroiditis

A

Acute inflammatory disorder of thyroid gland

Hyperthyroidism –> hypothyroidism –> then euthyroidism (normal thyroid functioning)

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16
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
-low T3/4, high TSH

17
Q

Growth hormone excess in kids

18
Q

Growth hormone excess in adults

A

Acrogemaly

19
Q

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A

FSH and LH are low (pituitary issue), leading to deficient/defective gonads (ovaries/ovaries)

20
Q

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

A

FSH and LH levels are normal, but there’s an impaired response of the gonads, leading to deficient/defective gonads

21
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Born with a single X chromosome. (short, webbed neck, different physical sexual development.)

22
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.

23
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

Too much ACTH (pituitary issue or exogenous glucocorticoids))

  • weakness
  • insomnia
  • easy bruising
  • moon face
  • buffalo hump
  • hirsutism and acne
  • hyperpigmentarion
  • stretch marks
24
Q

Diagnosing cushing’s syndrome

A
  1. Complete drug history
  2. 24 hour urine free cortisol
  3. Dexamethasone suppression test
  4. Late night salivary cortisol
25
Addison's disease
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone Low cortisol, high ACTH - dark skin - high potassium, low sodium - arthralgia, hypotension, myalgia * salt craving
26
Secondary hypocortisolism
Low cortisol and Low ACTH (issue with pituitary gland) - pale skin - normal potassium, low/normal sodium
27
Primary hyperparathyroidism
High PTH and high serum calcium Due to parathyroid adenoma, lithium therapy, PT carcinoma
28
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
High PTH and low serum Ca2+ Due to partial resistance to PTH in patients with renal failure and osteomalacia
29
Tertiary hyperparathryoidism
High pth and high serum Ca2+ (same as in primary HPTH) Increased parathyroid activity after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism
30
Hyperparathyroidism: clinical picture
Bones (pain, arthralgia, fracture): due to Ca2+ extraction (?lol that's not the right word, whatever) Stones (nephrolithiasis) Abdominal groans: pain, nausea, vom Psychiatric undertones: fatigue, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbanced