Endocrine 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is A?
A
Thymus
2
Q
What is B?
A
Pituitary gland
3
Q
What is C?
A
thyroid cartilage
4
Q
What is D?
A
Thyroid gland
5
Q
What is E?
A
Parathyroid gland
6
Q
What is F?
A
trachea
7
Q
What is G?
A
Suprarenal gland
8
Q
What is H?
A
Pancreas
9
Q
What is I?
A
uterus
Placenta (during pregnancy)
10
Q
What is J?
A
Ovaries
11
Q
What is K?
A
Testes
12
Q
What is the hollow called that the pituitary gland sits in?
A
Sella turica
13
Q
In what bone is the sella turica found?
A
Ethmoid bone
14
Q
What is A?
A
Body of corpus collosum
15
Q
What is B?
A
Thalamus
16
Q
What is C?
A
Grey matter
17
Q
What is D?
A
Splenium of corpus collosum
18
Q
What is E?
A
Transverse sinus
19
Q
What is F?
A
Cerebellum
20
Q
What is G?
A
Vertebral artery
21
Q
What is H?
A
Pons
22
Q
What is I?
A
Pituitary gland
23
Q
What is J?
A
Pituitary stalk
24
Q
What is K?
A
Optic chiasm
25
What is L?
Genu of corpus collosum
26
What is M?
Caudate nucleus
27
What is N?
Lateral ventricle
28
What is A?
Corpus collosum
29
What is B?
Frontal horn
30
What is C?
Caudate nucleus
31
What is D?
Optic nerve
32
What is E?
Pituitary stalk
33
What is F?
Internal carotid artery
34
What is G?
Cavernous sinus
35
What is H?
Pituitary gland
36
What is I?
III ventricle
37
What is A?
Ethmoid air cells
38
What is B?
Anteiror cerebral artery
39
What is C?
Optic chiasm
40
What is D?
Infundibulum of pituitary gland
41
What is E?
Hippocampus
42
What is F?
Aquaduct of Sylvius
43
What is G?
Anterior lobe of cerebellum
44
What is H?
Straight sinus
45
What is I?
Superior sagittal sinus
46
What is J?
Quadrigeminal cistern
47
What is K?
White matter
48
What is L?
Posterior cerebral artery
49
What is M?
Temporal horn of lateral ventricle
50
What is N?
Middle cerebral artery
51
What is O?
Olfactory nerve
52
How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?
Is directly above pituitary
53
How does enlargement of the pituitary gland affect a surrounding structure?
Impinges the crossing of fibres of the optic chiasm
Resulting in bitemporal hemionopia
54
What fibres cross over at the optic chiasm?
Nasal fibres
55
What lobes are present in the pituitary gland?
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
56
What is A?
III ventricle
57
What is B?
Optic chiasm
58
What is C?
Pars intermedia
59
What is D?
Anterior pituitary
60
What is E?
Posterior pituitary
61
What is F?
Mamillary bodies
62
Which of the pituitary lobes is larger?
Anterior pituitary
63
Which of the pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?
Anterior pituitary
64
What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?
Releases neuroendocrine hormones
65
How do you recognise the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary in histology?
Anterior - dark stained
Posterior - pale stained
66
What is A?
Posterior pituitary
67
What is B?
Anterior pituitary
68
What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary and how do they stain?
Acidophilic (stain pink)
Basophilic (stain light purple)
Chromophobic (do not stain so appear pale)
69
What is A?
Acidophils
70
What is B?
Basophils
71
What is C?
Chromophobes
72
What are the different classes of acidophils?
Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs
73
What does each class of acidophil secrete?
Somatotrophs - GH
Mammotrophs - prolactin
74
What is the target organ of GH?
Thymus gland
75
What is the target organ of prolactin?
Mammary gland
76
What are the different classes of basophils?
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
77
What are the secretory products of each basophil?
Corticotrophs - ACTH and MSH
Thyrotrophs - TSH
Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH
78
What is the target organ of ACTH?
Adrenal cortex
79
What is the target organ of MSH?
Adrenal cortex
80
What is the target organ of TSH?
Thyroid gland
81
What is the target organ of FSH?
Testes
82
What is the target organ of LH?
Testes
83
What are the secretory products of the anterior pituitary?
GH
Prolactin
ACTH
MSH
TSH
FSH
LH
84
What are the main secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?
Magnocellular neurons
85
What hormones do magnocellular neurons secrete?
Oxytoxin
Vasopressin
86
What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?
Superior hypophysial artery - enters hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (hypophysial portal system) that supply the anterior pituitary gland
Inferior hypophysial artery - supplies posterior pituitary
87
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pitutiary?
Through the hypothysial portal system
88
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pitutiary?
Through the infindibulum (blood vessels run through)
Also known as pituitary stalk
89
What is the pituitary stalk also known as?
Infundibulum
90
What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?
Through hypophysial veins into the cavenous sinus
91
Where do hypophysial veins drain into?
Cavernous sinus
92
Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea and larynx?
Anterior to trachea
Inferior to larynx
93
The thyroid gland is located between what vertebral levels?
C5 to T1
94
The isthmus lies opposite what tracheal rings?
2nd to 4th tracheal rings
95
What are the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland?
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid (anterior belly)
Sternothyroid
96
What is A?
Hyoid bone
97
What is B?
Thyroid cartilage
98
What is C?
Omohyoid muscle
99
What is D?
Cricoid cartilage
100
What is E?
Sternohyoid muscle
101
What is F?
Sternothyroid muscle
102
What is G?
Common carotid artery
103
What is H?
Thyrohyoid muscle
104
What is I?
Internal jugular vein
105
What are the 2 nerves that supplies the muscles of the vocal cords? Describe their relation to the thyroid gland?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves - runs between trachea and oesophagus
External laryngeal nerve - lies close to superior thyroid artery
106
External laryngeal nerve is a branch of what?
Branch of superior laryngeal nerve
107
What does the superior thyroid artery arise from?
ECA
108
From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?
Subclavian artery
109
What is the arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
110
Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?
IJV
111
Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?
IJV
112
Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
113
What is the venous drainge of the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein
114
Where do most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into?
Deep cervical group of lymph nodes
115
How are the hormones stored in the thyroid gland?
In cavities surrounded by secretory cells, this makes follicles
Hormone is bound to glycoprotein and is called a colloid
During secretion is reabsorbed from cavity and then released into interstitial space
116
What are hormones bound to in the thyroid gland?
Glycoprotein and called colloid
117
What kind of cells lines follicles in thyroid gland?
Follicular cells
118
What colour does colloid stain in histology?
Pink
119
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine and triidothyroxine
120
Other than follicular cells, what is the other main cell in thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells (also called clear or C cells)
121
Relative to the thyroid gland, where is the parathyroid gland?
Medial half of the posterior surface
122
How many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4, but this can vary
123
What are the parathyroid glands seperated from the thyroid gland by?
Thin fibrous capsule
124
What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?
Predominantly from the inferior thyroid arteries
125
What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?
Via the veins draining the thyroid gland to the IJV
126
What does this show?
Parathyroid gland
127
What is A?
Fibrous capsule
128
What is B?
Adipose tissue
129
What is C?
Chief cells
130
What is D?
Oxyphil cells
131
What hormone is released by parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
132
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) act on?
Bone, kidney and intestine - enhances release of calcium from bone/reabsorption from kidneys and intestine
133
What are the suprarenal glands seperated from the kidneys by?
A capsule
134
Are the suprarenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
135
What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
136
Embryologically, what gives rise to the cortex and the medulla of the suprarenal glands?
Cortex - mesodermal epithelium
Medulla - neuroectoderm
137
What is the arterial supply of the suprarenal glands?
Through suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrneic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries
138
How many suprarenal veins are there?
1
139
Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right and left gland?
Right - IVC
Left - left renal vein
140
What is A?
Right inferior suprarenal artery
141
What is B?
Right middle suprarenal artery
142
What is C?
Right superior suprarenal artery
143
What is D?
Coeliac trunk
144
What is E?
Left superior suprarenal artery
145
What is F?
Left middle suprarenal artery
146
What is G?
Left inferior suprarenal artery
147
What is H?
Superior mesenteric artery
148
What is I?
Left renal artery
149
What is J?
Inferior mesenteric artery
150
What is K?
Aorta
151
What is M?
Right renal artery
152
Histologically, what can the cortex of the suprarenal glands be divided into?
Outer zona glomerulosa (thin)
Middle zona fasciculata (thick)
Inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to medulla)
153
What cells are found in the suprarenal glands medulla and what do they secrete?
Ovoid chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
154
What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the suprarenal medulla?
Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - androgens
155
What is A?
Capsule
156
What is B?
Zona glomerulosa
157
What is C?
Zona fasiculata
158
What is D?
Zona reticularis
159
What is E?
Cortex
160
What is F?
Medulla
161
What is this image of?
Suprarenal gland
162
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
163
What cells are found within Islet of Langerhans and what do they secrete?
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
164
What is A?
Intercalated duct
165
What is B?
Blood vessel
166
What is C?
Acini of exocrine pancreas
167
What is D?
Interlobular duct
168
What is E?
Intralobular duct
169
What is F?
Islet of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)
170
What is the endocrine pancreas called?
Islets of Langerhans
