Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology now > Endocannabinoids and cannabis > Flashcards

Endocannabinoids and cannabis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cannabis throughout history (I)
Questions about where/ how and when was cannabis used first

A
  • Paleobotanical studies 11,700 years ago near the Altai mountains (Central Asia)
  • Used for ropes, nets, food and seeds for oil. Also used for fibre.
  • It grows really fast
  • Psychotropic effects of the heated female plants (resin).
  • Cannabis seeds followed migrations of nomads and commercial exchanges. Eg. moving from china to Europe. So it has been moving around the world with humans.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cannabis in different languages

A

Its a widespread plant therefore different languages have different words for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cannabis throughout history (II)

A
  • Ayurvedic medicine: Vijaya (cannabis) used for thousands of years to reduce pain, nausea, and anxiety, improve appetite and sleep, relax muscles, and produce a feeling of euphoria.
  • Used in different countries and cultures such as China, Egypt, Greece and Rome centuries and even millennia ago as an antalgic and anti-inflammatory.
  • Long tradition in Western medicine through translations of Arabic manuscripts.
  • Used as a medicine in the late 19th and early 20th… Queen Victoria and Empress Sissi!
  • Unlike most “new drugs”, already widely used! (It has been used for centuries). Unique challenges in terms of regulations.
  • New drugs having the same effect, should we consider them illegal?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drugs and tradition

A

For cannabis it has always been illegal and now they are legalising cannabis such as some states in the US
* How important are traditions (should be!) in the legal status of drugs?
* Cultural differences. How is in your country (country of origin / culture)?
* Restrictions and drugs
* Drugs and self-medication
* Harmful or helpful?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Substance use-related harms

A
  • Which substances are more or less harmful for the users and other people?
  • There are different types of harms to be considered:
  • Drug-specific - related mortality- has been found in states where cannabis is legalised there are more car accidents and death
  • Drug-specific - related damage
  • Dependence
  • Loss of tangibles: eg. money
  • Loss of relationships
  • Injury
  • Etc. Nutt, King, and Phillip, 2010
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most harmful substances?

A

Experts say cannabis is harmful but not super harmful.
Alcohol, tobacco are more harmful than cannabis and legal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cannabis use-related harms
Psychiatric conditions

A
  • An increased risk of psychotic disorders following acute and repeated consumption of cannabis in vulnerable individuals and naïve users. (certain people are very vulnerable to have a psychotic break).
  • Anxiety and panic attacks following intoxication especially in naive users.
  • Chronic use is associated with mood disturbances, mania, and depression.
  • People can develop cannabis addiction and dependency.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cannabis use-related harms
Cognitive and CNS alterations

A
  • Impairment of a wide range of cognitive functions following cannabis intoxication in a dose-relation manner.
  • Impaired cognitive function following cannabis consumption was associated with an increased risk of having a road accident.
  • Chronic use is associated with long-term brain functional and structural alterations (?).- ? because cannabis is frequently used with other substances (eg. alcohol) so its hard to say whether that damage was due to cannabis use or alcohol use ect.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cannabis use-related harms
Effects on respiratory system

A
  • Acute cannabis consumption decreases airway resistance.
  • Chronic cannabis use is associated with an increased risk for developing airway diseases and lung cancer.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cannabis use-related harms
Effects on cardiovascular system

A
  • An increase of cardiovascular activity, increase of heart rate, and decrease of blood pressure. Several reports have described atemporal relationship between cannabis use and acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and sudden cardiac death.
    (Cohen, Weizman and Weinstein, 2019)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cannabis use-related harms (II)

A
  • Short term: Impairment of Learning and Memory; Attention and Working Memory
  • Long-term: Unclear
  • Neuropsychological functions might recover after prolonged abstinence
  • Depending on the frequency and duration of the cannabis use, length of abstinence and age at
    onset of use. recovery might be better or worse due to these things
  • Neuroimaging: Inconsistent results, they might be related to alcohol
  • Affectation of the medial brain (hippocampus and amygdala) and prefrontal cortex
    (Volkow et al. 2016)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do cannabinoids mimic the effect of?

A

Endocannabinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System

A
  • Over 120 identified cannabinoids
  • CBD, isolated in 1940 and structure reported in 1963
  • THC, structure reported in 1964
  • In 1968, the same researcher isolated AEA
  • Afterwards, they discovered the CB1R and CB2R receptors
  • CB1R: CNS and digestive organs
  • CB2R: Digestive organs, CNS, regulation of immunity and inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocannabinoid System

A
  • Retrograde signalling
  • AEA and 2-AG are produced in the post-synaptic neuron
  • Regulates the release of the neurotransmitter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the endocannabinoid system involved in?

A
  • Inflammation and immunity
  • Sleep
  • Appetite
  • Mood
  • Memory
  • Fertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cannabis use: basic concepts

A
  • Ratio THC (psycho active) /CBD (non psycho active)- the 2 main endocannabinoids
    However, there is some type of CBD effects that can be psycho. Some research suggests that CBD can be used to control psycho active symptoms
  • Synthetic Cannabinoids, therapeutic or recreational use? In theory they are used for therapeutic
    but they are being used for recreational use as well. But there are actual theraputic
    medications for cannabinoids
  • Frequency of use
  • Type/ Motives of use
  • Mechanism of consumption
  • Cannabis use disorder
17
Q

Study conducted to see if condition cannabis craving (a trigger leading to an urge) was the mechanism linking trauma and PTSD.
2 stages

A

2 stages:
1- evaluation assessment- questionnaires and 3 part interview. In those interviews they were asked to describe three different events. They were asked to use lots of small details. 1 was dull, another was positive related cannabis use events. The third was their worst experience they ever had in their lives. With the description of these three events, 3 cues were made.

2- there were exposed to those cues and measured their reaction. People were being used to their most traumatic experience.

18
Q

Study conducted to see if condition cannabis craving (a trigger leading to an urge) was the mechanism linking trauma and PTSD.
Results

A

Those with higher PTSD symptoms, they felt a much higher need for using cannabis. This means being exposed to those traumatic experience makes them want to smoke more, with less control. This is one of the ways people become addicted to substances.

This can be the same as alcohol. Associating with depression and they become addictive.

This is why we have to be careful when we are treating mental health issues with cannabis.

Psychology now (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions